2016 Republican Presidential Power Rankings

2016 Republican Presidential Power Rankings (Rankings Updated 1/25/2016) These rankings are not based exclusively - or even heavily - on polling data, but instead on a combination of factors including debate performances, favorability ratings, evidence of momentum, and general campaign activity. Who will move up, down, or out of this these rankings moving forward? OFF: Paul, Huckabee, Pataki, Santorum, Carly Fiorina 7. Ben Carson (Previous: 5) - Carson is just in a free-fall right now and he appears to be putting all of his eggs in Iowa. Though he had strong poll numbers, his support levels were always soft in regards to those who were definitely voting for him. They seem to have gravitated towards Cruz for the time being. Carson is still popular enough to do some damage in Iowa, but his dreams of being a legitimate contender seem over. 6. Jeb Bush (Previous: 6) - Just about everybody has written off the 100-Million-Dollar-Man, and he has outspent opponents big time with nothing to show for it. Has Jeb had a single good moment in 6 months?   His message gets lost in constant word stumbles and poor phrasing. On a stage of smooth-talkers, his ineloquence is becoming a liability. This was supposed to be the shock-and-awe campaign that scared everyone away. The opposite happened. What the polling data shows is that Jeb better find a way to start getting Republicans to really like him. Much of Trumps appeal seems to be that everyone is afraid Jeb will get the nomination. But thats starting to seem far less likely. 5. Chris Christie (Previous: 4) - Before the debate, I said this: He still has some Northeastern appeal, but he would need Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, and John Kasich to have serious meltdowns. Jeb Bush his flailing, and Christie probably had the 3rd best showing at the 3rd debate. Christie is a great talker, and he is reminding us of when he was a favorite a few short years ago. But there are probably still too many negatives to imagine him pulling this off. But he could spoil some things for Rubio in New Hampshire. 4. John Kasich (Previous: 8) - Kasich feels like he was plucked out of central casting as a 1990s-era Presidential candidate. Hes definitely the kind of moderate, boring candidate that the GOP is known for nominating. He has gone all-in in New Hampshire, a geographically-friendly state. He could end up second there and be the establishment pick. 3. Marco Rubio (Previous: 1) - Rubio loses the top spot and we no longer think he has the best odds at winning the nomination. His plan to surge with the help of high-powered endorsements has not materialized a week out from Iowa, and he remains in a distant third place in Iowa and in a jumble for distant second in New Hampshire. I received the endorsement of the Des Moines Register, but his lack of a lane - hes neither establishment nor anti-establishment - seems to have left him in neutral with no core base. 2. Ted Cruz (Previous: 2) - Cruz was finally forced to go after Trump after a long political bromance, but it may be too little to late, as he is a very distant second everywhere (except Texas). If anything, his actions gave Trump more power than he would otherwise have and talk radio and conservative media never had to choose between the duo. Cruz strategy of not attacking Trump was almost exclusively reliant on having the establishment do it for him, and frankly they have refused to do so. When Cruz did pivot, he simply did not get enough anti-establishment leaders to move to him from Trump. 1. Donald Trump (Previous: 2) - Trump remains an incoherent mess and, magically, 10 points ahead or more just about everywhere. The mainstream and conservative media are fueling his campaign, and he picked up an endorsement from Sarah Palin. Nobody dealt with him seriously from the start, and now he may be unstoppable. In the first debate, he praised socialized medicine and bragged about his role in buying off politicians for business favors. He threatened to run as a 3rd party candidate for leverage, and then doubled-down on his theory that the Mexican government was intentionally sending criminals across the border. In the second debate, Carly Fiorina got the better of him time and time again, and Trump continued to show absolutely no interest in developing policy positions. Does he have any campaign infrastructure? Does he really think people believe he is going to self-fund a billion dollar campaign? I long assumed that those pushing Trump would eventually pivot away to Cruz, and now that we are 1 weeks away that has not happened. (But we think this has more to do with Cruz not seizing the opportunity.) Until someone actually does damage to Trump, or unless Talk Radio backs away, hes the one to beat.

CCTV and Crime Reduction

CCTV and Crime Reduction The Role of CCTV Surveillance Systems in Reducing Crime in Town Centres Introduction The use of closed – circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems to curtail burgeoning crime rates in the United Kingdom has resulted in the rapid proliferation of such systems in almost all town centres in the country, making it practically ubiquitous. This system was first established in Bournemouth town centre in 1985 and according to Armstrong and Norris (1999), following that 300000 cameras where installed annually (cited by Davies Thasen, 2000). Consequently, †¦the citizenry of the UK have become the most watched, catalogued and categorized people in the advanced world (Coleman, 2004, p. 3). The rapid proliferation of CCTV is largely on account of the faith reposed in its ability to reduce crime by the government and the majority of its citizens. In the words of Alun Michael, Minister of State: The advantages of CCTV, properly managed, speak for themselves: crime prevention, the deterrent effect of knowing that there is observation, the alerting of police at an early stage to stop dangerous situations escalating, the operational assistance to the police in sizing up a situation, the safer convictions that can be obtained – and, above all, the fact that peoples confidence is renewed, which has led to many town centres being revitalized (cited by Goold, 2004, p. 1). Despite such overwhelming enthusiasm, critics have pointed out that there is little concrete scientific evidence that proves the positive effect of CCTV surveillance systems in reducing crime. Therefore an evaluation of the exact role of CCTV in reducing crime in town centres is called for as it will provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing situation and help ascertain the future of such systems in the fight against crime. CCTV Surveillance Systems These systems usually consist of cameras with monitors and video recorders. The cameras may be fixed or they may literally have a roaming eye. Nowadays, cameras have sophisticated features like pan, tilt and zoom which may be used as per the need. Images may thus be captured and stored and retrieved anytime in the future. The quality of the equipment used is a chief determinant of efficiency and outcomes. It also follows that the more cameras are used the more security is afforded, as a larger area comes under scrutiny. Positioning is also important in providing maximum security. All these factors need to be taken under consideration while installing the CCTV surveillance system. The efficient working of these systems is subject to variations. Sometimes the cameras are allowed to do the job as everything will be recorded and particular incidents can be viewed based on the offences that have been perpetrated. At other times surveillance takes place round the clock and the monitored im ages are viewed constantly by hired staff or police operators. When incidents of crime are reported, police are able to rush to the scene as quickly as possible, and they will have access to pertinent information that will enable them to narrow down the list of suspects and give them a head start on the investigation. In this respect, Gill and Hemming (2006) stress the importance of planning and design for purposes of maximum efficiency. The positioning of the cameras is vital, and it should be such that it allows for maximum coverage of the area that is under surveillance. Due considerations must be given to lighting as otherwise, images are likely to be blurred and grainy making positive identification extremely difficult. The manner in which the system is operated also determines outcomes. Operators must be trained to extract the best possible results from such a system and the element of human fallibility must be taken into consideration and sufficient measures must be taken to counter it. CCTV and Crime CCTV came to be closely associated with crime following the infamous James Bulger murder case (cited by Goold, 2004; Newburn Hayman 2002; Coleman Norris, 2000). CCTV had captured images of the toddler being led away by ten – year olds Thompson and Venables and in the aftermath of the killing the images sent shockwaves rippling through the world and strengthened the position of CCTV as a crime fighting tool. The images did little to prevent the heinous crime but it did prove useful in identifying the perpetrators. For the first time government officials as well as the majority of the populace sensed that CCTV could be a powerful weapon against crime. And the muted arguments against its use on the grounds of civil liberty and a right to privacy were silenced. Before evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime, it is necessary to understand the theory behind its use. According to Weiss, one of the types of crime prevention has particular relevance with regard to the use of CCTV – Primary Crime Prevention is focussed on the offence rather than the offender, and is often associated with situational crime prevention strategies which focus on the immediate and localised context of the offence (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 146). This type of crime prevention is based on rational choice theory and assumes that the individuals most likely to commit crimes are the ones who believe that they can get away with it. Thus by employing CCTV, the confidence of aspiring criminals is shaken as they are cognizant of the fact that they may be apprehended or they may feel the   cameras are watching their every move , and are loathe to risk capture and consequently they may refrain from committing the crime. Criminal recklessness is r eplaced by fear. As Tilley (1993) puts it, CCTV could reduce crime by increasing the likelihood that present offenders will be caught, stopped, removed, punished and therefore deterred (cited by Gill Spriggs, 2005, p. 7). Thus when used in this particular context, CCTV seeks to reduce the opportunity to commit crime and thereby deter the potential criminal, by increasing the chances of getting caught. Situational prevention can also cause a reduction of crime, by means of diffusion of benefits. According to Clarke and Weisburd (1994), The term refers to the fact that situational prevention can often bring about reductions in crime beyond the immediate focus of the measures introduced (cited by Clarke, 2005, p. 52). This additional benefit was demonstrated with regard to the use of CCTV in a case described by Poyner (1991), where CCTV cameras used to prevent theft in the car park at the University of Surrey not only reduced theft in the three areas being monitored, but in one not under surveillance (cited by Clarke, 2005, p.52). Considerable publicity was generated for CCTV surveillance systems following the identification and successful capture of dangerous criminals. CCTV footage helped in the capture of two men who had planted a bomb outside the Harrod’s department store in London (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p.150). In another highly publicised case, another London bomber was identified using images captured on CCTV (cited by Norris, 2003, p. 260). These cases served as examples for other criminals and served to deter them to an extent. Because of the large – scale installation of CCTV in town – centres everywhere, more effort had to go into planning crimes and to escape the watchful eye of the camera. Moreover, people tended to be more cautious and stick to areas under surveillance in order to decrease their vulnerability as victims. People also started to feel more secure in their newly protected environments. All these factors served to deter criminals at least theoretically a nd offered a positive scope for reducing crime. The Effectiveness of CCTV in Reducing Crime The theoretical possibilities for CCTV as a means of reducing crime appeared optimistic, however with regard to practical application the use of CCTV has fallen far short of expectations. Brown conducted a study on the use of CCTV in the town centres of Newcastle, Birmingham and Kings Lynn. According to Goold (2004, p. 37), He â€Å"concluded that CCTV is generally much more effective at reducing property – related crime than it is at combating problems associated with anti – social behaviour and public order†. It must be conceded that CCTV does help the police in gathering evidence but as a deterrent to crime it is something of a failure. Hardened criminals can easily work their way around the surveillance, by simply altering their appearance, preventing the camera from getting a good shot of their face or relying on the operators to notice nothing untoward or suspicious. The latter is a good possibility as most operators find continuous monitoring of the screen s a monotonous and trying chore and are likely to be slipshod in their task. Thus Brown’s study is discouraging with regard to the use of CCTV in town centres as a means of reducing crime. While many have pointed to the use of CCTV as a means of providing security and a feeling of safety to citizens who fear the rising rates of crime, the role of CCTV in actually alleviating fear is questionable. In fact, contemporary studies have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that CCTV reduces fear of crime or crime itself (Gill Spriggs, 2005).   People who were unafraid in the first place are likely to report that they are not scared, while others continue to feel threatened. It may even have the counter effect of exacerbating fear and contributing to the waves of panic that often grip the populace, following particularly gruesome crimes. The cameras take on a menacing air as they stand tribute to the rising rates of crime and the perceived helplessness of the police. As Ellin (1996) puts it, increased CCTV surveillance can also contribute to accentuating fear by increasing paranoia and distrust among people (cited by Fyfe Bannister, 1998, p. 256). This perva sive atmosphere of paranoia and ill – feeling is itself conducive to crime as it serves to ferment   all the noxious elements that facilitate it. A study conducted in the town centre of Sutton by Sarno (1995) was initially encouraging (cited by Fyfe and Bannister, 1998, p. 262) as it showed a reduction in crime rate by 20 per cent in the two months following the installation of CCTV. But unfortunately it was revealed that crime had merely been displaced to areas that were not under surveillance. This finding is particularly disturbing as it seems to imply that CCTV surveillance systems merely give the impression of reducing crime, while indirectly leading to its increase under a false cover of security. While displacement is one of the problems that stems from the use of CCTV, it does not always occur and it can be countered by undertaking suitable measures. It is believed that CCTV surveillance is invaluable to the criminal investigator, as it is possible to identify perpetrators from the video footage. However the actual procedure is far more complicated and calls for plenty of man – power, entails hours and hours of sifting through multitudes of videotapes and finally careful analysis of the footage is called for before the identity of the criminal can be established. This is painstaking labour and often, owing to the amount of time that elapses in the course of the procedure, the criminal remains loose on the street, and is at liberty to wreak havoc on innocent citizens. Furthermore in recent times it has been determined that the cumbersome process of identification using CCTV is susceptible to error and inaccuracy. According to Davies and Thasen (2000, p. 412), a series of studies by Bruce and colleagues has reported high rates of failure to identify targets from CCTV footage. Consequently, convictions secured solely on the b asis of CCTV footage have been questioned. This was apparent in the case of R versus Church (1995), reported by Braman (1999), where   the accused was convicted on the strength of the physical resemblance between him and the suspect caught on tape. Experts in image processing were able to overturn the verdict during the appeal. At the retrial the experts for the prosecution once again succeeded in getting a conviction (cited by Davies Thasen, 2000, p. 424). Thus such legal wrangling reduces the credibility of CCTV in securing convictions and thereby reducing crime. Some studies pertaining to the role of CCTV in reducing crime have yielded positive results. Armitage et al (1999) found a sustained reduction of crime rates by 25 per cent   in Burnley; moreover, there was no sign of displacement (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 167).   Similarly Short and Ditton (1995) reported a 21 per cent decrease in crime at Airdrie and again there was no evidence of displacement (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 167). Studies such as these reveal that with proper implementation CCTV surveillance systems may prove to be effective in reducing crime. But in light of the majority of studies showing ambiguous or downright negative results, the role of CCTV in fighting crime remains questionable. While the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime in town centres may be deemed a failure, it remains a fact that CCTV surveillance is more effective under particular circumstances than in others. In general crimes which occur at the spur of the moment that are prompted by violent outbursts of passion or fuelled by excess alcohol are less likely to be reduced than crimes that are planned with any degree of precision. Consequently it is harder for this system to actually reduce violence but crimes such as theft may be deterred. According to Gill and Hemming (2006, p. 35), impulse crimes such as alcohol – related crimes were less likely to be reduced than premeditated crime such as theft. Violence against the person rose and theft of motor vehicles fell in the majority of projects. Thus there is scope for CCTV to serve effectively in the fight against crime, in certain contexts. Conclusion CCTV may not be able to reduce crime or even deter criminals; however it may used effectively to target specific offences. There is no doubt that it is a powerful and innovative weapon in the police arsenal and it may be employed to monitor town centres and help in controlling crime and upholding the letter of the law.

TThe Principle of Non-Rrefoulement at SEA and the Effectiveness of Essay

TThe Principle of Non-Rrefoulement at SEA and the Effectiveness of Asylum Protection - Essay Example Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights grants the right of seeking and enjoying asylum from persecution in other countries (Thomas 2011, p. 71). The principle reflects the dedication of the international community to guarantee enjoyment of human rights to all persons, including the rights to life, inhuman punishment or treatment, freedom from torture, and security of person. These rights and other rights may be endangered upon returning a refugee to danger or persecution (Andreas 2011, p. 1109). The observance of the principle of non-refoulement relates to the determination of refugee status. Arrangements or procedures for refugee identification should offer a guarantee against refoulement by ensuring that individuals entitled to protection receive it. Such arrangements or procedures are vital when a country receives both migratory movements and asylum-seekers. Respect of this principle may be most effectively ensured if claims to asylum and to refugee status are det ermined expeditiously and substantively (Bimal 2003, p. 23). However, sea-borne migration is alleged as a problem or a hassle by destination countries despite the refugees in awful need of protection. In some cases, countries deny refugees through invoking security concerns to refuse protection and justify the removal or non-admittance of refugees. Arrivals through the sea of asylum-seekers challenge the interpretation and application of the principle of non-refoulment and the existing regulations related to liberty and the safety of navigation. During the Vietnam War, from 1950s to 1970s, there were arrivals of several Vietnamese irregular immigrants to the coasts of neighboring countries. While dealing with these arrivals, the international community noted there was a gap in the international law. The law had no effective and useful instruments to deal with immigrants at sea, particularly with the asylum-seekers (Agnes 2009, p. 204). The key problems that remain include the identi fication of the rights and duties of the concerned states in different marine zones. This is with exceptional regard to the organization and administration of search and rescue operations at sea (Agnes 2009, p. 206). Another essential issue has been the question of whether the resolutions of countries to refuse the entry permission into their territories are lawfully limited. This question occurred mainly in relation to the handling of refugees and asylum-seekers, especially among the immigrants, with regard to the principle of non-refoulment. The exercise of sovereign powers in the different marine zones, pursuant to the customary international law and law of the sea, present challenges in the application of the principle of non-refoulment and the protection of refugees and asylum-seekers at sea (Schmitt, McCormack & Louise 2011, p. 544). Article 21(1) of the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) provides that the sovereignty of a coastal country extends beyond i ts internal waters and land territory. The article also defines archipelagic waters of an archipelagic country as the territorial sea. This maritime zone cannot exceed 12 nautical miles. The only exception to the exclusive authorities of the coastal country in its territorial sea contains the right of innocent passage. The coastal state shall not hinder the innocent passage of foreign vessels through the territorial sea, but it may regulate the passage conditions in the fields listed in article 2(1). An example is inter alia,

Global Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Project Management - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, due to federal budget constraints, the project was shelved in 2006. In February 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), the US General Services Administration (GSA) was tasked with reviewing its backlog of shovel ready infrastructure projects for well planned projects in an effort to help create jobs in the construction and real estate sectors, while simultaneously making use of energy-efficient technologies, smart building design and green energy solutions. ARRA funding also required government agencies to streamline the way they did business, cut costs while doing so, and deliver a quality product over a shorter period of time. Since the Northwest Arctic Region 10 had the modernization of EGWW on hold due to a lack of funding, they selected this design-bid-build project for funding. As the EGWW project was considered â€Å"shovel ready,† meaning many of the documents had already been created; GSA determined the project a worthy recipient of funding. The EGWW modernization project provides for an interesting look at how effectively GSA was able to deliver on those requirements using project management techniques. In receiving ARRA funding, the project was in turn agreeing to abide by ARRA funding mandates, which introduced project constraints to the scope, cost, and schedule of the project and impacted how the project would be managed and delivered. Part I of this paper will explore the impact that the ARRA funding mandates had on the scope, cost, and schedule of the project and how GSA elected to manage the project in light of these funding mandates. Part II of this paper, through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, will look at four broad questions: What implications do the project management tools of the EGWW modernization project have on future GSA projects? What contributions has the project made to the body of knowledge for project

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example In medieval art, the work was two dimensional, color was not widely in use and the sense of movement and emotion were not shown. In Renaissance art on the other hand, attention was on the beauty of the portrait as opposed to medieval art where attention was on the image. In Renaissance art, bodies were either nude or covered. These paintings were symmetrical while in mediaeval art, paintings were asymmetrical. The Early Renaissance period began in the years 1400-1479 A.D. in Italy. Italy then was characterized by a stable economy and hence rivalry between the city states (Glyn and Kennedy, p 27). The competition to construct a bronze door for the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral can be said as the foundation of the early Rennaisance.This completion attracted Brunelleschi, Donattelli and Ghiberti. They are the pioneers of early renaissance art and Brunnelli made the dome of the cathedral sculptor. He used natural aspects of nature itself while Donattelli works took a humanistic approach by creating erotic scenes, like, the sculptor of David. All this are elements of renaissance art. High Renaissance period emerged shortly after early renaissance in 1480 A.D. The aim of artists then, was to achieve harmony and balance in using the elements of early renaissance such as light, atmospheric perspective, anatomy and color. Use of oil as a media of painting was the norm and pioneers of this art are among others Leonardo Da Vinci (Glyn and Kennedy, p 40). Donatello, an Italian artist made a sculpture called the stature of Mark. The Stature is a full scale nude sculpture draped with clay and soaked with linen which covers it. The Sculpture portrays a religious belief because the stature holds a bible. Christianity is shown as a major concern of the early Italian renaissance. Another work is by German artist, Mathias Grunewald who drew a painting known as

Students who Self-Mutilate

Students who Self-Mutilate Understanding and Responding to Students who Self-Mutilate Summary Abstract Self-Mutilation is that causing of intentional physical harm to oneself. The most common way of harming ones self is cutting. Students that self-harm are misunderstood a common myth about people who self-harm is that they are trying to kill themselves but it is actually the opposite. They are trying to control their pain and emotions. Self-harming is a release from the pain for these students.   Faculty and staff should be educated on how to help these students. RSM students need to know that they have people that will help and support them during this time. RSM can be a contagious behavior other students may also start harming themselves if they see others students doing so. Faculty and staff member should keep in mind   when educating students on self-mutilation stay away from talking about how people self-harm and why   because it can give them ideas. Self- mutilation is a topic that is difficult for people to deal with and is also a topic that many people do not have enough education about to understand why people engage in these behaviors. Self- mutilation is the causing of intentional physical harm to oneself. People who do self-harm usually do so stealthily. They tend to harm themselves on areas that are easily hidden on their body like on their inner thighs, forearms and torso. The most common form of self-harm is cutting. Others forms of self-harm include burning oneself, scratching, head banging and pinching. One type of self-mutilation is called Repetitive Self- Mutilation Syndrome it is an impulsive behavior equivalent to eating disorders and substance abuse. Repetitive Self- Mutilation syndrome can being to arise in late childhood or early adolescents which is why it is important that people who work in middle and high schools need to understand how they can   help students who self-harm and are educated on the signs that a student is harming themselves. RSM can last for up to 15 to 20 years it also is more prominent in females then in males. Students who self-harm are not doing it because they are suicidal but because it is cathartic for them. Cutting themselves helps release their pain. According to Richard Lieberman as the adolescent cuts or burns herself, the brain secretes endorphins that are natural antidepressants (March 2004). Even though suicide is not their end goal does not mean that it is not a concern. These students are crying out for help. Self-harm can lead to future problems if the student does not receive support. Another aspect of RSM is that it the student does not cut themselves all the time but erratically and usu ally after stressful and emotional times. During adolescents emotions are at an all-time high. Students that tend to self-harm have a challenging time regulating their emotions and use self-injury as a coping mechanism. Once a student is identified as a self-mutilator by a staff member the students parents should be notified about this behavior. The student should be referred to a clinical mental health professional to help treat them. Treatment for RSM includes CBT along with medication. The school psychologist should work along with the students parents and psychologist to create a plan to help support the child. They need to work as a team to create different ways to control and cope with their emotions. Interventions need to be set in place to help students that do self-mutilate get the help that they need and to prevent others from copying. When RSM is identified it is best to stray away from videos on the topic and when educating student to not mention the ways people self-harm and why because it can give students ideas. RSM can be contagious in adolescents who are trying to fit in and find themselves. School should be a safe place for students that self-harm. They need to know that there are people to help that they can turn to in the school. Students should never be demanded to stop because it is something that they cannot control. Staff members should respond to students with support these students already know that their behavior is shameful. It is important for schools to be educated on RSM and be able to help students get professional help. These students have problems that need to be addressed. Many adolescents suffer from RSM and need to know that they have people they can turn to for help. References Liebrman, R. (2004, March). Understanding and Responding to Students Who Self-Mutilate. Leadership Principal , 10-13.

Enlightened by Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye :: Bluest Eye Essays

Enlightened by Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye Over the course of our study of the American novel, we have experienced a kaleidoscope of components that help define it. We traveled back in time to learn what kinds of novels were being written and how they were being written. We were introduced to the likes of Harold Frederic's Theron Ware, Henry James's Dr. Sloper and Catherine, and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance. We saw, through these novels and characters, how literature of the past affects literature of today. We also read novels from various regions of North America. We had a glimpse of northern writers and their culture such as Alice Munro, and her stories of Canada. We sampled Willa Cather who gave us a taste of the early southwest through Father's Latour and Vaillant. We read about different religious ideals, from Theron's Methodism to Father Latour's Catholicism, to Hazel Mote's The Church of Christ without Christ, to Jonah's (futuristic) Bokononism; each religion, in its own way, reflecting a different aspect of American religious zeal. And we have heard from a number of southern writers like O'Connor, Faulkner, and Porter. We begin, through characters like Miranda and Anse, to glimpse a southern language and way of living. It seems only fitting now, that we be introduced to another element of the American novel: ethnic culture. The addition of Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye is the perfect choice. Through the voices of her black characters, she reveals a broad spectrum of black culture during the 1930's and 1940's. We get a glimpse of the middle class through Claudia and her family, who maintain a sense of dignity and pride. In the first chapter, she tells us, "Being a minority in both caste and class, we moved about anyway on the hem of life, struggling to consolidate our weaknesses and hang on, or to creep singly up into the major folds of the garment" (17). We encounter the desperately poor through the Breedlove family, Cholly, Pauline, and Pecola, each choosing a different means to escape the harsh reality of their lives. For example, Pecola dreams of having blue eyes, then she would be accepted, loved, respected, and beautiful.

The Driverless Car Revolution

A) Some of the world’s cleverest scientists and engineers are pioneering a new generation of driverless cars that will change our lives as much as the internet has already done. B) The idea of self-driving vehicles will sound like science-fiction to many, but the prototypes already work, using 360-degree sensors, lasers, learning algorithms and GPS to navigate streets in an astonishingly precise fashion. They are likely to go mainstream in 15 to 20 years’ time and are a genuinely exciting, game-changing breakthrough that refute the myth that our economy has ceased to spawn major technological innovations. Google’s vehicles have already driven more than 400,000 miles without an accident and are beginning to be legalised in US states.C) The technology could trigger a burst of economic growth, transform transport around the world, free vast amounts of time, increase productivity, make us a lot wealthier and unleash drastic, unpredictable economic and cultural change s. By allowing people to relax or work as they commute, they will deal a devastating blow to public transport in all but the densest, most congested areas.D) The biggest US think-tanks, universities, forecasters and corporations are busily trying to work out how, not if, the world will change as a result of driverless cars, and who the winners and losers will be.E) Driverless cars will have huge advantages. Commuting will become useful, productive time, saving many people two or more hours a day that are currently wasted. The number of accidents will fall by at least 90pc, scientists believe, preventing thousands of deaths, by controlling distances between vehicles, braking automatically and eliminating human errors and reckless driving. The superior safety of driverless cars means that it ought to be possible to reduce their weight, cutting back on fuel consumption, and to redesign car shapes, making them more like living rooms. Even car sickness could be reduced, with smoother dri ving.F) The dynamics of commuting will change as it will no longer be necessary to  find a parking space on arrival: the driverless car could either park itself at some distance from the workplace or even return home, before picking up the passenger in the evening. Fewer people may want to own cars, with rental becoming more attractive. This could allow residential parking areas to be put to other uses.G) The look and feel of roads and towns will drastically change. It will be possible to cram in far more cars into existing roads, driving at much faster speeds. Simulations of intelligently controlled intersections from the University of Texas suggest that they perform 200 to 300 times better than current traffic signals. Self-driving vehicles will have the ability to â€Å"platoon†, acting almost like train carriages on motorways, increasing lane capacity by up to 500pc, according to research from the US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.H) Far more people w ill travel at night, sleeping at the same time, especially for longer trips such as holidays, reducing the demand for train and short-haul plane journeys. Driverless cars will once again boost the value of suburbs and country living, and their house prices: far more people will be willing to commute much longer distances to work or school. This will encourage cities to become even more sprawling, putting massive  pressure on existing planning rules. The premium on living centrally will be reduced, albeit not eliminated because of congestion, which means there will still be a need for some urban rail services.I) The transition process will inevitably be painful. Like all technological shifts, self-driving vehicles will threaten some existing jobs, including that of many professional drivers, though consumers will have more money to spend on other things, creating employment in those areas.Which paragraphs contain the following information? 1. It is predicted that many lives will be saved. 2. Prototypes have already been tested successfully. 3. Motorways will be used more efficiently. 4. The impact on transport by rail and plane. 5. Drawbacks for certain professions.

Free sample - Negative Campaign Advertisement. translation missing

Negative Campaign Advertisement. Negative Campaign AdvertisementOutline I. Description of Negative campaigning It may possibly be described as â€Å"a form of an ad that is normally utilized by political aspirants during the campaign period to offer facts regarding unconstructive aspects of the opposing contender. II. Brief History of Negative Campaigning   In USA, during the 18th century, door to door campaigning was the main means of spreading information regarding an aspirant or a political party. III. Reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena There are several reasons which explain the rise of negative advertising in the contemporary USA. IV. Impacts negative forms of political communication may have on our system of government and democratic participation The negative forms of political communication may possibly pose a number of effects in the USA’s system of government and democratic participation. V. Analysis of political advertising Political advertising in the United States of America comprises any spread of information which backs or counters an aspirant for appointment to a public office. VI. The Detrimental and Positive Consequences of Employing Negative Ad Strategies Many electors detest this form these strategies. VII. The suggested negative effects of exposure to negative advertising It may possibly introduce thoughts of suspicion amongst the electorate. VIII. Effects of Exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout The decision by majority of America’s electorate to partake in a voting exercise is largely depended on exposure to political advertising. IX. Conclusion A key origin of predicament as far as political advertising is concerned is whether to make use of negative or positive advertising during the campaign period.       Description of Negative campaigning Scores of politicians across the globe, especially those who aren’t powerful and popular make use of negative campaigning to divert attention or even tarnish the popularity of their opponents. This type of campaign is usually stimulated by deceit(s) fashioned by one contender or more. This deceit may possibly turn out to be truthful to the electorate, and can make them not to vote for their initial preferred candidates. Negative campaigning crafts a non-conducive condition which alters the ability of the electorate to distinguish truthful information from untruthful one. Furthermore, it is capable of capturing electors’ interest as regards to a number of vital parameters affecting them such as the state of economy, and the unemployment rates. This type of campaigning may possibly be described as â€Å"a form of an ad that is normally utilized by political aspirants during the campaign period to offer facts regarding unconstructive aspects of the opposing contender.† It is broadly categorized into 2. The preliminary one is designed in order to launch a scathing attack on the challenger’s position on matters affecting the electorate. The second one is intended to launch a scathing attack on the challenger’s personality. Talking of USA, during the year 2008 campaign period, the Republican candidate, John McCain argued that his main competitor, Barrack Obama had no any experience concerning the USA economy, and therefore couldn’t manage to repair it subsequent to the ravaging effects of the recession that had threatened to tear apart our economy completely. This criticism was occasioned by the fact that John’s popularity was significantly low and also due to the fact that he had less experience regarding the economy. He couldn’t even explain the manner in which he could repair it (the USA economy) if elected. However, most Americans and the Media concurred with John’s remarks despite the fact that they were incorrect. Also, during this period, John’s camp and the Press at large considered President Obama an Islam simply because his middle name is â€Å"Hussein† in order to woo voters to vote for him (John McCain). Brief History of Negative Campaigning   In USA, during the 18th century, door to door campaigning was the main means of spreading information regarding an aspirant or a political party. Additionally, most contenders organized a number of gatherings especially at the city chambers so as to make vital speeches. They (the gatherings) were also aimed at strategizing their campaigns. The era between the start and the 9th decade of the 20th century was characterized by the usage of image advertisements at the commencement of a campaign period. This stage was aimed at setting up a positive image of a particular aspirant or political party. Subsequently, unconstructive/negative advertisements were utilized at the closing stages so as to launch a scathing attack against a challenger(s) or an opposing political party. But these tactics were discarded at the start of the 9th decade of this century (20th). The modern-day campaigning tactics on the other hand are structured in such a manner that the unconstructive advertisements are utilized right from the start to the closing stages. The use of media particularly the TV by aspirants to negatively spread political information has escalated to unprecedented levels (Thurber, Candice and Dulio 29). It has been well documented by well known researchers that TV advertising represents sixty to sixty five % of campaign financial resources (Hale, Fox and Farmer 330). The majority of campaign specialists are well versed with the fact that negative TV campaigning is capable of yielding the desired results within the shortest timeframe. Reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena A number of reasons which explain the rise this form of advertising exist. The preliminary reason is the Communication Act that came into law in the year nineteen hundred and thirty four (1934). This Act required the media not to broadcast any advertisement that is/was believed to be untruthful. However, deceptive advertising for political commercials is/was to be advertised. Two, in the year nineteen hundred and seventy six (1976), an alteration of the election campaign Act was made. This amendment was geared towards permitting campaign consultants to spend huge sums of money so as to back a meticulous aspirant. This money was also channeled towards commercial advertisement of the political party and candidates affiliated to it (Freedman, Wood, and Dale 40).   Three, many campaign consultants discern the fact that any aspirant who desires to be appointed by the public for a particular post must use it so as to amass the required votes. As a consequence, more and more contenders make use of negative advertising during the campaign period as a tool for convincing the voters that they are the best candidates. Four, in USA, in order for a political party to run a negative advertisement on a particular media station, it must obtain a permit from the concerned party. However, this permit is normally utilized liberally in the sense that there are no restrictions imposed as regards to the kind of information that ought to be featured or published in an advertisement. Impacts negative forms of political communication may have on our system of government and democratic participation The negative forms of political communication may perhaps facade a number of negative impacts. One, it is crystal clear that negative forms of political communication sprung at the start of the 9th decade of the 20th century. At that time, they were aimed at offering opposition to the office holders including the president. This state of affairs eventually gave rise to â€Å"negativism† (Freedman, Wood, and Dale 21). Two, it is perceived by many political analysts across USA as an acidic manipulator of the democracy. They have argued that due to the fact that it is characterized by aspirants employing various strategies in order to woo electors, the electors have significantly been repelled. As a result, a number of them end up not excising their democratic rights at the ballot, and are totally disillusioned by the leaders who use negative forms of communication so as to win elections (West 802). Three, in the recent times, it has turned out to be a strong political vehicle. This is attributed to the fact most candidates and their consultants use it so as to manipulate voting patterns. Four, there is a research that was conducted concerning the nineteen hundred and ninety two (1992) United States of America’s presidential and Senate elections. It found that this form of advertisement made many Americans not to trust the political processes. This significantly contributed to lesser voter attendance in the subsequent elections that were held in the year 1996. Five, negative forms of political communications have to an extent contributed to a decline in USA’s system of government. This has been occasioned by the low voter attendance in both the presidential and senate elections, and the electorate’s failure to trust the political system (Nimmo 23). Analysis of political advertising Political advertising in the United States of America comprises any spread of information which backs or counters an aspirant for appointment to a public office. Also, it may possibly comprise any spread of information aimed at backing or countering a ballot proposal. Political advertising may take various forms. One, written political advertising entails usage of billboards, pamphlets, fliers and more. Two, it may perhaps engross publishing of information regarding a candidate or a political party in newspapers such as the New York Times, and other types of publications. Three, political advertising may involve the spread of information to the voters via the radio, TV (television), and through an internet website.   Many political parties and aspirants across the United States tend to use Television to broadcast their commercials due to 2 main reasons. One, the information to be broadcasted is crafted and relayed precisely as desired. Two, it is known that TV is a key communicative connection in between the aspirants and the voters. Most political advertisements normally run for thirty seconds. They are properly designed in order to relay the most important information and capture the listeners/readers/viewers interest. In USA, there are a number of advertising companies which are mandated to trail and list different political advertisements. One of them is the â€Å"Wisconsin Advertising Project.† The Detrimental and Positive Consequences of Employing Negative Ad Strategies Various studies that have been conducted regarding negative advertising all over the USA by various researchers have shown that many electors detest these strategies. It has also been established that negative political advertising has slim chances of enabling an aspirant to garner more support from the electorate. Three, negative advertising strategies have a higher likelihood of causing pessimism amongst the citizens. Four, these strategies can make voters to lack interest in participating in major elections. Five, they (the strategies) have a higher likelihood of crafting uncertainties within the electors’ brain as regards to the capability of the target aspirant (s) to lead the nation or a State without any hitches. Six, the strategies pose a great peril of crafting empathy to the target aspirant(s). Fifth, the outcomes of an election in which the aspirants utilized negative advertisement strategies have been found to be poorer by scores of well known scholars all over the world. Seven, some of them (the scholars) after having conducted researches concluded that these types of strategies have explicit impacts on the electors, and therefore there is an urgent need for the relevant authorities to amend the communication Act so as to ban it or regulate the content to be aired. The positive consequences of negative political advertisement include the fact that it may possibly lessen the targeted aspirant appraisal. At the same time, it can swell the supporting aspirant voting intent. An American political scientist (Goldstein, K.), denies the fact that negative political advertising has can result to unconstructive outcome. According to him, if this advertisement is aired on a regular basis on the television during the campaign period, then the electorate is more likely to gain extensive facts regarding the candidates, and issues affecting them. He also argues that the more the electorate acclimatizes with these facets, the more they are liable to exercise their democratic rights by taking part in an election. Some scholars have argued that this type of advertising is a bad recipe for United States of America’s democracy. Others have suggested that it has a higher likelihood of restraining electorates’ participation. But in accordance with Kennedy, a great deal of this condemnation by the various scholars and researchers is based on a concept that USA’s electorates are not well educated, and therefore they are more liable to be effortlessly influenced by the ads. He states that â€Å"this type of advertising empowers the electorate’s capability to brightly select the best aspirant.†Ã‚   This is due to the fact most Americans have the intellect of pin-pointing differences as much as matters political are concerned. Kennedy however emphasizes that the campaign consultants ought to devise an ad which isn’t extremely despicable. He argues this is due to the fact that it has a higher chance of bouncing back on a political crusade. Furthermore, he advise s political consultants to ensure that they have substantiated the assertions they are intending to run on the television or publish. Kennedy reiterates that the unconstructive/negative advertisements are aimed at coaching the public. Constructive/positive advertisements on the other hand are geared towards amusing the electorates’ sentiments. According to him, unconstructive/negative advertisement is liable to be factual. In contrast, constructive/positive advertisements are less liable to centre on the policies of the candidate. Kennedy says that most voters pay heed to unconstructive advertisements because it has a huge prospect of unearthing the truth about the background of certain aspirants. He further laments that this form of ad has a long-history as much as the United States of America’s political scheme is concerned. As such, there is no need for its detractors to persist criticizing it. Kennedy asserts that the pronouncement of United States of America’s independence on 4th of the seventh month of the year 1776 is an unconstructive advertisement. Also, most candidates during the 19th century did not make use of the negative advertisements since at that time; television had not yet been invented (Chaptman). It has been documented by well known researchers across United States that those candidates who shift from one State to another in bid to raise money so as to fund their political crusades have a huge potential of running numerous ads on the TV and over the radio. Nonetheless, this kind of candidates end up disappointed if the ads don’t produce the most effective results.   During the November 2nd elections of the year 2004, one of the key policies of the Democratic candidate (John Kerry) was to increase the number of peacekeeping combatants in the war-torn Vietnam .However he was sharply criticized by several human rights watchdogs. According to them, this initiative had a potential of violating human rights and unconstitutional. Many political analysts have suggested the various reasons that made him to lose to the incumbent (George Walker Bush). One of the reasons is that John did not traverse the country to raise funds from well-wishers and other stakeholders. This meant that his camp couldn’t manage to pay for ads to counter ads that were specifically aired and published by the Republican candidate (Chaptman). The paid negative advertisements that were aired and published by the Republican camp made the electorate to turn out to be further acquainted with political matters, and as a result, they ended-up voting for Bush in spite of many criticisms that were leveled against him by critics such as the unwarranted invasion of both Afghanistan and Iraq (Chaptman). The suggested negative effects of exposure to negative ad Scores of voters, scholars, and researchers have suggested several negative effects of exposure to negative ads. One, it may possibly introduce thoughts of suspicion amongst the electorate. Two, negative ads were extensively used throughout the year two thousand and four (2004) elections that pitted George Bush, John Kerry and others. As a consequence, they crafted an element of squat/low self-value amongst the electorate. Three, some researchers have found that this form of advertisement has a higher likelihood of changing the electorates’ mind-set as regards to engagement in a number of democratic processes. These include referendums and Senate elections.   Four, owing to the fact that the negative advertisements are usually broadcasted during the campaign period, they create monotony. As a consequence, majority of the electorate protest against the real intention of this form of advertising. Five, some of them (the scholars) have argued that negative advertising is characterized by dishonesty. Also, they have argued that it is unjust since it is intended to tarnish the political supremacy of certain aspirants. Effects of Exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout There are 2 main parameters which explain the reason as to why most voters in USA take part in a voting exercise such as the election of the President and State representatives. One of them is the exposure to political advertising. This exposure can increase or lessen their curiosity as far as a particular voting process is concerned. Another one is the participation in political matters prior to the ballot day. It has been confirmed by well known researchers that the two determiners may possibly impact the electorates’ reaction sensitivity to negative advertisements. Furthermore, if the two determiners set off at a lower momentum, then negative advertisements are implausible to be effectual. This is due to the fact that the electorate may perhaps find the negative advertisements to be upsetting. Also, these advertisements may possibly fashion unconstructive sentiments towards the political leaders. The two determiners may possibly swell to unprecedented intensities. Furthermore, they have a higher likelihood of turning out to be further engrossed in the voting process. These have an impact of making the electorate to strongly react to negative advertisements. Negative ads have been found to generate fewer facts. This is has an impact of reducing the extent of sympathetic benevolence towards the aspirant during voting. However, owing to the electorates’ discernment that it was needless, he or she may possibly decide to reassess the sympathy for the aspirant. In United States of America, most presidential, senate and other elections may possibly feature a current office holder. These aspirants are usually at a better position to triumph over their rivals due to the fact the electorate are acquainted with a lot of facts concerning them.   Due to this reason, unconstructive advertisements aired against them (incumbents or current office holders) can have a repercussion impact. This is attributed to the fact that the incumbent’s advertisements may possibly swell to a larger extent the contender’s profile identification and have an impact on both the voter turnout and voting tendencies (Karen and Hensel, 67). It has been verified that those electorate who are autonomous (whose reaction to negative advertisements of the contestants is low) are likely to turnout in large numbers to exercise their democratic rights through voting. Conclusion A key origin of predicament as far as political advertising is concerned is whether to make use of negative or positive advertising during the campaign period. Negative advertising tactics normally poses a myriad of detrimental consequences not only to our political system but also to the electorate who are required by law to partake in a voting process in order to select their preferred candidates. For that reason, there is a need for the politicians to make use of positive advertising strategies since they are likely to breed a more cohesive American society. I strongly believe that the â€Å"prevailing† state of mind of political advertisement campaigns requires to be stabilized by an additional â€Å"fostering† point of reference. This will ensure that the ideologies of laissez-faire democracy remain sustainable.    Freedman, Paul, Wood, William, and Lawton, Dale. â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts of Negative Ads: WhatVoters Say†. Campaigns and Elections 20 (1999): 20-5. Hale, Jon, Fox, Jeffrey,   and Farmer, Rick. â€Å"Negative Advertisements in U.S. Senate Campaigns: The Influence of Campaign Context.† Social Science Quarterly 77 (1996):   329-43. Karen, James, and Hensel, Paul. â€Å"Negative Advertising: The Malicious Strain of Comparative Advertising.† Journal of Advertising, 20.2 (1991): 53-75. Nimmo, D. Political persuaders: The techniques of modern election campaigns. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2001. Rahn, Wendy M., and Rebecca M. Hirshorn. â€Å"Political Advertising and Public Mood: A Study of Children’s Political Orientations.† Political Communication 16 (1999): 387-407. Thurber, James, Candice, Nelson, and Dulio, David. Crowded Airwaves: Campaign Advertising in Elections. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. West, Darrel. â€Å"Television Advertising in Election Campaigns.† Political Science Quarterly 109 (1995): 789-809.

Smoke Signals essays

Smoke Signals essays Can a reel Indian, ever be a sign for a real Indian? The question is somewhat specious, since most Caucasians imaged on American film are not signs of real people: the teeth are too white, the noses too sculpted, the bodies too buffed, the hair too perfectly coifed, the repartee too witty. To a certain extent, every movie is a smoke signal of cultural values. For this very reason, then, we should pay attention to cinematic signs generated by Native American culture itself, as in the 1998 film Smoke Signals, the first commercially successful movie written , directed, co-produced, and acted by Indians. With a comparatively modern setting, Smoke Signals is about the signs that represent Indians in contemporary culture. Not only do drumbeats associated with Indian war parties punctuate the score, but televisions in the background of several shots also display Indians on the rampage in old black-and-white Westerns. When one of the protagonists answers his question, "What is the only thing more authentic than Indians on TV? with "Indians watching Indians on TV", we realize that the film ironizes the very idea of authenticity. The desire for "authentic" movie Indians may simply generate "types" rather than complex human beings with strengths and weaknesses like our own. In contrast, Smoke Signals not only gives us flawed characters that elicit our sympathy and admiration but also displays, with affection, the dysfunction of the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in Idaho from which they come. The movie opens in 1976 with the voice of Lester Fallsapart reporting traffic for KREZ radio from atop a broken-down Winnebago. When the film cuts forward to 1998, Fallsapart, situated on the same Winnebago at the same crossroads, announces "It's a good day to be indigenous. The image, of course, forces us to question whether the "indigenous" have made any gains at all or, like the appropriately named Fallsapart and his Winne ...

Favorite childhood memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Domestic violence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic violence - Assignment Example The title identifies the variables in the study and the types of people who participated in the research process in the article. The article deals with a very social problem which is domestic violence and which has been on an increasing trend in the US. There is no specific focus on theories and therefore the title of the article also does not contain the mention of any specific theories. But one of the identified negative aspects in the title of the article is that the title is too long and further it is divided into two sections one is â€Å"Domestic Violence and Immigrant Communities in the United States: A Review of women’s Unique Needs† and the other portion is â€Å"Recommendations for Social Work Practice and Research†. From the title of the article it is understood that the main focus is on the domestic violence and immigrant communities in the US. Under the marking system the title of the article can be awarded 4 points.   2) With reference to the abst ract of the article it is effective and appropriate. ... The highlights of the results have not been described in details but only a brief outlook has been provided. The abstract states that Literature review has been provided and also recommendations have been stated which is appropriate for any abstract. The abstract states that complete interferences at both macro as well as micro levels have been provided to reduce domestic violence in immigrant communities. The abstract also states that future directions have been provided. Analyzing the abstract of the article the abstract can be awarded 4 points. The reason of awarding 4point is that the abstract could contain more statistical information regarding the percentage of population who experience domestic violence in the US especially among immigrant communities. â€Å"Abstracts should not include references top tables and figures, descriptions of published work, or reference citations. Conclude the abstract with one or two major points of discussion† (Smith, 1998, P. 93) 3) To be gin with the introduction and the literature review are effective and appropriate. The researcher has provided a very satisfactory introduction which states that every intimate relationship has a contained risk of domestic violence. The researcher begins by identifying the specific problem area of domestic violence. It has been stated in the introduction itself the literature which is analyzed is mainly for the period of the past five years. In the literature review strong evidence of literature regarding the patriarchal cultural values, the social acceptance of violence has been provided. In the literature review section it has been stated that cultural differences are related to the perception of domestic violence