Handling Efl Learners’ Unexpected Behaviors in Class Essay

For the sake of providing the best services to their students, English teachers arrange their English language teaching and learning activities as perfect as possible. They spend most of the time to make preparation for their teaching. However, along with the process of such preparation, they sometimes do not consider the importance of also preparing the unplanned teaching. Consequently, when things go wrong, they often get difficulties on what they should decide to do. Therefore, this study is crucial to be conducted as its result would be able to give knowledge to English teachers on how to appropriately respond when such phenomenon comes into surface. The purposes of this study were 1) to observe the categories of EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors in the process of learning English in class and 2) to identify the efforts of English language teachers in handling such behaviors. This study utilized the qualitative design in which observation and interview were used as the main instruments in carrying out the research. To be the respondents of this present study, three English teachers from three different state junior high schools in Bogor were purposively chosen. The findings showed that there were four major categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors, namely learners’ psychological problems, uncooperative attitude, learners’ intelligence level and learners’ native language use. Some solutions in handling such behaviors were also recommended. One of which was to give different materials when dealing with learners with different level of capability. Keywords: unplanned teaching, EFL learners’ classroom behaviors Introduction For English language teachers, planning lessons has become a crucial action that needs to be carried out since it helps guide them during and after the lesson (Spratt, Pulverness & William, 2005). Further, it enables them to make the language teaching process more systematic and well-organized so that they would be on the right track of what they are going to teach and what kind of teaching methods they are about to employ in classroom activities. Therefore, as an effort to provide the best services to their students, English teachers frequently spend most of their times arranging their English language teaching and learning activities as perfect as possible before conducting the act of teaching in the classroom. In fact, only few teachers are aware of the importance of also making attempts to think of and list the solution handling the EFL learners’ ‘unexpected’ behaviors that may probably appear in the classroom when English language teaching is in action. As the result, they will face problems which could seriously block the flow of the teaching process. Thus, the unplanned teaching needs to be paid a particular attention within the consideration when teachers plan the lesson. Brown (2001) explains that the unplanned teaching can occur when the midstream of the lesson changes; going out of the plan that has been set earlier. Further, such phenomenon may happen at anytime. In conclusion, teachers are daily called upon to deal with the ‘unexpected’. 1 Methods This study was principally aimed at identifying the categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors that might exist during the English language teaching and learning process inside the classroom. Additionally, the investigation was also led upon the identification of the teachers’ effort in handling the behaviors. This present study employed qualitative research design using observation and interview as the instruments in collecting the data. Additionally, three English teachers from three different state junior high schools in Bogor were purposively chosen. The observation was conducted to capture and observe the behavior of the EFL learners when learning English at the classroom. Further, it also functioned to identify how the teachers reacted towards the existing behavior of the learners which were categorized ‘unexpected’. The interview was done to verify what has been witnessed during the observation. The Categories of the Unexpected Behaviors Having completed with the data analysis process, the categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behavior could then be revealed. It could be seen from the table below. Table 1 EFL Learners’ Unexpected Behaviors No 1 Categories Learners’ Psychological Problem Sample of Phenomenon Learners had less confident and did not want to participate within the language class activities Learners did not pay attention and kept on talking with their friends when teachers were explaining the materials Learners were not well-motivated to learn Learners did not do the tasks ssigned Learners did not want to work in a group Some learners were slow and some were fast Learners asked question which was far ahead the topic being discussed at the mean time Learners kept on using their native language when the teachers wanted them to speak English 2 3 Uncooperative Attitude Learners’ Level Intelligence 4 The Learners’ Native Language Use Solutions in Handling the Behaviors After knowing the categories of the unexpected behaviors of the EFL learners when learning English, solutions on how to appropriately rea ct towards the phenomenon were discovered. Firstly, when dealing with the learners’ psychological problems, teachers, in the beginning of the class, were required to put a strong emphasis on the positive side of having high motivation in the process of learning language. This would build their learning enthusiasm. Second, in handling the learners who were uncooperative such as did not do their homework, teachers could explain the benefit of doing their homework to help them get progress in their language learning process. Third, to teach learners who were at different level of capability, teachers could give special attention to the slow learners while fast learners were given other materials to work with. This was in line with the theory proposed by Harmer (2007) in which he suggested the use of different materials when facing students with different levels. The last, to handle learners who kept using their native language, as found in the interview, teachers were strongly suggested to only respond to the English use. This was supported by Harmer (2007) in which he indicated to ignore what students said in their own language. 2 Conclusion Considering the unexpected things that perhaps may exist in the language learning and teaching process is really important for the language teachers to take into account in the process of planning the lesson. Therefore when things go wrong, they would at least have options on how to handle it, as they are well-prepared. After all, four major categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors were recognized. They were learners’ psychological problems, uncooperative attitude, learners’ intelligence level and the learners’ native language use. Some solutions in handling such behavior were also recommended. One of which was to give different materials when dealing with learners with different level of capability. These findings are expected to be able to give knowledge to English teachers on how to appropriately respond when such phenomenon comes into surface so that the act of English language teaching and learning will keep on successfully moving forward.

Breakthroughs in Modern Deep Sea Treasure Hunting

Modern deep sea treasure hunting and/or modern marine archaeology have benefited greatly from two technical breakthroughs: (1) side scanning sonar and; (2) remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). These two breakthroughs have made the largest financial impact on the profession than any other modern breakthroughs in the same field. Before side scanning sonar and ROVs were developed for practical use, deep sea treasure hunting professionals and marine archaeologists have to contend with human limitations on the vast three-dimensions of the sea.Two dimensions involve covering the length and width of the water surface or coastline (Smith). The third involves exploring the depths. The first two dimensions challenge the luxury of time. Unlike sunken cities (â€Å"Port Royal†), shipwrecks have occurred in random places over a very wide area. Tracking the exact location of sunken ships could take years through the investigation of historical records (Handwerk), (Australian Broadcasting Corp oration [ABC]), sample dives and other traditional methods. Moreover, since shipwrecks have occurred at random periods in history (Burke), pinpoint accuracy is an issue (â€Å"Outer Continental†).Deep sea explorers need to choose one shipwreck from a choice of many (Barrett). UNESCO estimates that there are more than 3 million shipwrecks in the world (Raja). Exploration costs a lot of money too. Bills fetch as much as â‚ ¬500 Thousand (â€Å"Italy†) or even US $6. 25 Million (Reuters) for one shipwreck alone. Hence, most deep sea explorers try to get financial backing from investors (Dennis) and concentrate their resources on just one shipwreck. With side scanning sonar, deep sea exploration companies can now cover larger areas at shorter periods of time.Odyssey Marine Exploration for instance covered 3,700 square miles and detected 2,100 possible shipwrecks in a period of less than four months (â€Å"Outer Continental†). Compare this with Mel Fisher’s 16-year search of Nuestra Senora de Atocha, a 1622 Spanish galleon wreck off the Florida Straits (Illingworth). Maybe even with Howard Collingwood’s use of archival research and a translator of historical texts as preliminaries to his cesium magnetometer scan of his target coverage (â€Å"Interview†). The third dimension challenges the forces of nature.Divers have to contend with these: (1) great water pressures; (2) strong undersea currents; (3) murky and sometimes polluted waters; (4) hostile sea creatures like sharks, eels, and crabs; (4) razor-sharp corals and other hard, pointed objects under the sea; and (5) moving heavy debris under water (â€Å"Port Royal†). In this dimension, ROVs have already accomplished many great things. The deepest deep sea treasure recovery has been made by ROVs at a depth of 170 meters (Reuters). ZEUS, a ROV, visually inspected 400 possible shipwrecks in a record-time of four months (â€Å"Outer Continental†).Moreover, wi th James Cameron’s filming of the Titanic (â€Å"Florida†), ROVs have been popularized and have become most financially-rewarding, Hollywood-style (â€Å"Master†). ROVs did not only address the forces of nature and provided safety to divers, ROVs also provided a new kind of treasure to deep sea professionals—royalty income from films. Works Cited Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). â€Å"Australia. † ABC Regional Online – Australia 14 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 7:17. Barrett, Helen. â€Å"Australia. † 24 Hour Museum – UK 17 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 7:17. Burke, Alan. â€Å"Massachusetts. † Gloucester Daily Times – USA 26 July 2005. (article no longer available). Jordan 2. 7:9. Dennis, Jan. â€Å"Dreams of Sunken Treasure Lure Ex-Hostage Back to South America. † Associated Press 26 Sep. 2004. . â€Å"Underwater. † â€Å"Florida. † Jacksonville Business Journal – Flordica, USA 27 Sep. 2 005. . Jordan 2. 7:9. Handwerk, Brian. â€Å"North Carolina.† National Geographic News – USA 12 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 9:10. Illingworth, Montieth M. â€Å"The Treasure Hunters: Before You Invest in a Search for Sunken Treasure, Find Out What You are Diving Into. † Cigar Aficionado Online. 1995. 6 Jan. 2006. . â€Å"Interview with Treasure Hunter. † CNN. com – Transcripts. Video transcript aired on 20 June 2004. CNN. 6 Jan. 2006. â€Å"Italy. † ANSA – Rome, Italy 27 Sep. 2005.. Jordan 2. 9:14. Jordan, Brian, MAC. Marine Cultural and Historic Newsletter 2. 7, Silver Spring, MD: National Marine Protected Area Center, July 2005. —. Marine Cultural and Historic Newsletter 2. 9, Silver Spring, MD: National Marine Protected Area Center, Sep. 2005. â€Å"Master of the Deep. † New Scientist – Interview. . â€Å"Underwater. † â€Å"Outer Continental Shelf and International Waters. † Tampa Bay Business Journa l 26 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 9:12. â€Å"Port Royal – The Sunken City. † Book Review. 6 Jan. 2006. UK: AquaPress . Raja M. â€Å"Shipwreck Salvors See Treasure for the Taking. † Asia Times Online 17 Sep. 2004. . â€Å"Underwater. † Reuters. â€Å"Norway. † MSNBC – USA 20 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 9:15. Smith, Helena. â€Å"Greece. † The Boston Globe 11 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 9:13.

How the specifics of social network relate to that of the Not So Essay

How the specifics of social network relate to that of the Not So collective associations - Essay Example These aspects include; our history, our culture, our religion, our traditions, our education and our political establishments. The reasons behind the evolution of such theories are as far stretched as the earth could be, but basically they depend on the beliefs which are held by diverse scholars and thinkers of our regions. With reference to the subject matter of the ‘Cultural Theory’, this paper will provide an interpretation in accordance to the formulation of the evolution of the social networks and how they relate to our cultural evaluations and representations. As Williams believed that some of the major historical and philosophical issues construct such statements (2003: pp.1) as that which is under presentation in this paper, thus, through brief examinations and verifications in the words of Williams presented by Ayrey and Everist â€Å"the specifics of works relate to structures which are not the works† (2007: pp.301) have been explicated in this paper. Af ter the examination of Williams’s outlook on the cultural theory various point of views can be put forth with regard to the subject of social networks which has been chosen. But in order to understand how the two areas or the focal points intersect the familiarization of the basic characterization and explanation of both the terms is necessary. Thus, the first or foremost term to be classified is ‘Culture’. This question and its answer hold immense importance as it is such a part of any community that identifies its existence. Hence, this statement itself verifies what culture is but to be on cleat terms the expression ‘Culture’ has been identified by Kalman as the way the human beings live and the roots which construct their methods of interaction, lifestyle and beliefs (2009: pp.4) Therefore, culture is essentially the part which makes the way of living the life for human beings and this major ingredient is put forth, and represented by human being s to signify their background and their relationship with their milieu. Whereas, the second term which needs to be classified is ‘Social Network’, thus, it has been elucidated as ‘all those sources or methods through which people communicate and interact with each other for both formal and informal causes’. Thus, these sources could be web-based technologies, applications or softwares which enable human beings to interrelate to each other. There is an enormous and astonishingly significant relationship between the above to mentioned terms. With the passage of time people are recognizing the values of their cultures and traditions and alongside they are being provided a large number of opportunities to represent their culture. These opportunities if devoured in a positive manner can cause an extremely constructive effect on the various cultures of the people throughout the world, on the other hand if consumed negatively could definitely prove as a root of of f-putting results. But the most important fact is that the cultural promotion and propagation is starting to be affected more and more by these advancements of the interactive sources. Thus the relationship of social network to that of the representation of our culture and our backgrounds is linked through the cultural theory of Williams. How so? This is due to the fact that along with the modernization of our society the methods of

Didnt choose one yet , need the writors help choosing it for me Research Paper

Didnt choose one yet , need the writors help choosing it for me - Research Paper Example Fanatic missionaries like Sheikh Youssef al-Qaradawi provoke the hatred of the Qatari people of the support the Qatari government gives to American policy and involvement in Israel.2 Banished Saudi Salafist associated with the Qatari elites were accommodated in Qatar and accepted into religious organizations and the Interior Ministry after the raid on Mecca’s Grand Mosque in 1979. Sheikh Abdallah bin Khalifa al-Thani, the previous Interior Minister, was assigned from the Wahhabi group inside the Qatari institution.3 Even though Sheikh Abdallah was removed from his post, this group is still rooted among Qatari security officers. Salafists are being removed from the Interior Ministry or are being weakened by newly formed security organizations like the Internal Security Forces and the State Security Agency.4 As this effort continues, these organizations may become effective in fighting terrorism activities. The major sources of terrorism in Qatar are not likely to weaken in the near future, or after economic and political liberalization, implying that oppressive policing strategies will be the primary method used to stop terrorism. With the Interior Ministry ruled by Sheik Abdallah bin Nasser bin-Khalifa al-Thani, one of the supporters of the emir, and the Internal Security Forces and the State Security Agency directly under the emir, Qatar’s internal security is expected to be sufficiently supported and funded in the near future.5 The intelligence agency of Qatar is fast restructuring to fight terrorism, reporting satisfactory effectiveness in the investigation and prosecution of two Russians suspected of killing Yandarbiyev. Qatar will get substantial security support from Western countries if the new security agencies successfully accomplish their readjustment effort.6 Still, threat of terrorism continues to be a major problem. Al-Qaeda has terrorized Western people in Qatar. The Australian government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Tr ade (DFAT) even warned tourists â€Å"to exercise a high degree of caution in Qatar†7 because of serious terrorist threats. The DFAT said they were informed of plans to terrorize several individuals and groups in Qatar. On the 19th of March 2005, a suicide car bombing in Doha took the life of a British individual and wounded several other individuals.8 On the 17th of March 2005, the Saudi leader of Al-Qaeda, Saleh al-Oufi, declared a war on terrorists in Qatar and in other nations like Oman and Bahrain. However, the March 19 incident was not surprising. More terrorist attacks are likely to occur and concentrated on easy targets like emigrants.9 The Al-Qaeda in the Arab region is definitely trying to terrorize the Gulf States. The United States is still trying to improve counterterrorism collaboration with the government of Qatar. Working with U.S. officials on counterterrorism is still in progress, and Qatar approved firm counterterrorist finance (CTF) policy.10 However, Qata ri attempts to fight terrorism, especially terrorist financing, beyond its boundaries by charitable groups and private organizations were generally unsuccessful in terms of established global criteria. Qatar’

Factors That Had a Impact on Eurocopters Capability to Continuously Essay

Factors That Had a Impact on Eurocopters Capability to Continuously Innovate - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Eurocopter has an enabling environment which allows the employees to raise innovative ideas in their operations and this plays a significant role as far as motivation is concerned since it promotes the creation of a sense of belonging to the organization among them.Eurocopter is also committed to continuous product development which puts it in a better position to continuously grow throw innovation. About 10 % of its annual sales are committed to its effort on its R&D’s resources. The organization’s structure has also positively contributed to its success given that there is a close link among all the stages involved in manufacturing and the culture promotes a cordial relationship among the employees. Another internal factor that has led to the organization’s capability to be continuously innovative is the re-engineering strategy of major business processes through changing from vertical to the horizontal structure. The horizontal stru cture of the organization promotes innovative ideas whereby sharing of ideas and knowledge among the employees is promoted. A good example can be drawn from the realignment of the blade repair processes. Communication forms a pivotal role in the organization’s ability to promote and harness innovative ideas among its employees. The channels of communication are open and cross-functional teams can communicate effectively which is one major contributor to its innovative capabilities. Different ideas come from individuals and they can be transformed into new knowledge which is the essence of innovation through communication. There is also a close communication channel between the customer support team, the design and quality teams and this helps create mutual understanding among them. Eurocopter uses different HR management functions to promote innovation among its employees and these include job rotation and performance appraisals, learning as well as good management skills. Em ployees are motivated by these factors and they are proud to identify with the organization which gives them the autonomy to use their minds to continuously suggest ideas that can make their workplace a better place to be every day.

Technology and International Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Technology and International Development - Essay Example This paper discusses Maasai community’s social, economic, and political challenges in their endeavour to maintain their culture. According to Akubue, Great disparities exists in the level of developments that any suggestion of inflexibility in technology will not be practical (Akubue, 2000). Maasai community are still holding on to their cultures despite the advancement in technology, better and environmentally friendly farming techniques, and changes in the weather patterns. The Maasai community have a small population (approximately 800,000) of the people in Kenya and Northern Tanzania. They are indigenous Nilotic ethnic group, who live a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. For centuries, Maasai community has lived harmoniously with nature, engaging in pastoralism for subsistence. The men in this community are warriors and herders who move with the cattle from place to place in search of pasture. Their movement depend with presence of pasture, which makes them move to the lowlands in high season and to the highlands in dry seasons. The women and the children live in the homesteads as they engage in small-scale farming to supplement the animal products. The Masaai economic activity is based on biological assets, which are vulnerable to weather and other conditions. Therefore, the Maasai community engage in unstable economy. The problems of the Maasai community started way back in colonial era when they lost approximately 75% of their ancestral lands as a result of protection of Mau forest, which is an ecosystem supporting many lives. They lost the pastures they would use in dry seasons and their sacred sites too. Due to lack of proper grazing lands, Maasai community faces great loss of animals in every dry season. The dry seasons depleted their resources greatly leaving them in hard economic times. The threat on Maasai land is still on as private developers are moving in and investing on Maasai’s pastoral lands. Their economic

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key Essay

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key arguements in the writting of thomass hobbes and john locke - Essay Example It is the contrasts observable in the philosophical arguments that form the basis of this analytical essay on the importance and role of law, with a view to reaching a credible conclusion. Introduction The concept of the role of law has been presented differently by different scholars. While there is a general agreement on the role and importance of law in the society, the philosophy behind this concept differs according to different scholars. There is a general agreement that the fundamental role of law is to maintain order in the society, through the protection of the basic rights of individuals (Collins, 2005 p42). In a society where people are living together, it is inevitable to develop rules of conduct that guide the relationship and interactions between the people. While such rules of conducts may be developed and applied differently by different societies, the objective is simply the same; to protect the fundamental rights of individuals within the society (Grant, 1987 p12). Therefore, this essay will argue on the role and importance of law, as advocated for by two different scholars, namely Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Discussion The prime essence of law in the society is to regulate social behavior (Brown, 1965 p7). ... However, according to Thomas Hobbes, who was a renowned English philosopher, the major problem that exists in the world is that of establishing political and social order (Dietz, 1990 p114). Therefore, the fundamental question regarding social interaction is on how people can live together, without the danger and fear of conflict. This forms the basis of his Moral and Political Philosophy, which postulates that to realize peaceful coexistence in the society full of undue danger and fear of conflict, people should give their obedience to an unaccountable sovereign, which could take the form of an individual or a group that is vested with the powers of deciding on the political and social issues facing the society (Collins, 2005 p45). This point to the inevitable need for some form of law that is vested on certain social institutions, which have the powers to interpret and apply the laws for the common benefit of the society and al individuals, who have committed their obedience to suc h institutions. Thus according to Thomas Hobbes, the need for law in the society stems from the fact that the state of nature is one full of universal insecurity, where all people have the right to fear violent death (Brown, 1965 p12). Therefore, the role of law is to guarantee such people their security, and thus eliminate the danger and fear of violent death that is present in the state of nature, which is likened to a state of civil war. Hobbes further observes that it is practically impossible to achieve a rewarding human cooperation (Franklin, 1978 p61). This is because; individuals will always take advantage of their strengths to dominate over the weaker ones in the society, and thus expose them to the danger and fear of violent death. Thus according

Reaction paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction paper 2 - Essay Example In the letter, King attempts to convince the ministers of the rationality of his actions and points out why they are necessary if natural ‘human goodness’ and morality were to be given a chance. Arguing that everyone, white and black, possessed natural ‘human goodness’, King points out that most white people, particularly in the north, had not heard or were perhaps not noticed the desperate condition of the black people of the South following the Emancipation Proclamation. Although they were free, they had to try to support themselves in a world that legally segregated them from the means of doing this. Only by forcing attention on the issues, through non-violent protest, would the black people be able to gain the attention of the white people and still illustrate that there was no justification for this oppression. Only by appealing to white people, who held all the power, could change be forced through the political process. Adhering to St. Augustine’s contention that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all†, King insisted that non-violent protests such as those he was organizing were not breaking the law but were instead adhering to a higher moral and ethical law. The segregation laws were directly counter to the Supreme Court ruling regarding equality to people of color because they were applied only to black people. He argued that to break an unjust and immoral law is thus acting in a moral and just manner for the good of the community, especially if this can be completed in a peaceful, kindly manner. This, he argued, was a necessary action because the tension in the black community was continuing to build and would soon rage out of control into violent action. Peaceful protest provided both the necessary outlet for these emotions as well as brought positive attention to the plight of his community. At the end of his letter, King criticizes the church leaders

History (American Imperialism) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History (American Imperialism) - Essay Example 589). 500 banks, and 15,000 businesses failed. The rich industrialist and poor working classes were vastly separated, and the rights of African Americans since the Civil War were ignored. The federal government was in a state of constant stalemate. The U.S. administration needed to respond to economic and class divisions, as well as to cycles of boom and bust that were destroying the economy. They did this by adopting the practice of imperialism in foreign policy. This saved the economy, and brought the U.S. increased power. Imperialist policy decisions set the model for U.S. foreign policy into the 20th Century. McKinley was elected President in 1896. At this time, an economic recovery was happening. In addition, southern and western farmers, as well as Standard Oil, were sending product overseas. America was witnessing the actions of Britain and France, who were taking Africa and Indochina respectively, by force. Their machine-gun technology proved overwhelming to foreign resistanc e (Davidson, et al, 2010, p. 611). America wanted in on this expansion, and, like the Europeans, used the doctrine of Manifest Destiny to justify the exploitation of foreign peoples and resources. In addition to McKinley, a three-part group of elites banded together at this time â€Å"to promote American Imperialism† (Davidson et al, 2010, p. 612). Mahan, a navy admiral, promoted his theory of Navalism, which stated that the cycles of overproduction and depression that had been occurring could be alleviated by developing import and export with foreign markets. Modern cruisers and battleships were needed to protect these markets. Missionaries wanted to change â€Å"heathen† foreigners into Christians by introducing western culture and values. Many missionaries were opposed to the brute force exercise of power, but they were in favor of imposing their ideology onto foreign people. Social Darwinists Spencer and Sumner argued from the premise that Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic stock were the â€Å"fittest† to rule over â€Å"lesser peoples of the world† (Davidson et al, 2010, p.613). Then Secretary of State James G. Blain advocated for expansion of trade into Central and South America. Britain, however, already had interests in South America. Blaine’s efforts to cancel the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, which shared access with Great Britain to any possible canal that might be built, were resolved with the Hay Pauncefort Treaty. This stated that the U.S. could build a canal in Central America, but was required to give all nations access. Using the Manifest Destiny model, Blaine bullied Central American countries into compliance with his Pan American Union, which facilitated trade between the two regions. Blaine threatened to ban exports from Central American countries into the U.S. unless these countries complied. (Davidson, et al, 2010,p.616). The U.S. became involved with Spain, England, Venezuela, Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines due to th eir imperialist policies. The Spanish-American War was waged over possession of Cuba. America and Britain narrowly escaped war over disputes concerning trade in Central America. In Hawaii, the Queen was overthrown, and marines came in to â€Å"protect† American lives. Big sugar planters, who wanted trade with the U.S., were influential behind the scenes. American imperialist policy in the war in the Philippines contained racism and brutality. The U.S.

Compare internship chosen with own professional goals Personal Statement

Compare internship chosen with own professional goals - Personal Statement Example I expect that this period will be a great learning experience for me, and will lay the foundation for the future that I see for myself as finance professional. I think that finance is the core sector of any business, because how finances are managed will be the key to whether a business makes a profit and prospers, or makes losses and dwindles. To begin with I shall need to learn the basics of how to use accounting tools, balance budgets and make accurate forecasts, taking into account future trends in markets and economies. The management of variances in actual and budgeted expenses and revenues, will be a challenge that I shall look forward to. I would like to gain an in depth understanding of how budgeting is done for various products, as well as how strategic goals are shaped and executed, and growth is driven through disciplined and efficient operations. Above all, I shall look forward to learning how processes and policies are put in place in order to drive growth, and improve the financial health of the company. In today’s world of global competition, I shall be particularly interested in learning how finance wizards work with fluctuating currencies, and the techniques they use to manage risks. The meeting and interaction with eminent Chief Financial Officers of various companies will be the icing on the cake. The seminars that I expect to attend as part of my internship will also help me hone my problem solving and communication skills. Interactions with people from varied walks of life, will give me insights into different ways of analyzing and addressing problems, and give me the confidence to put forward my own views and ideas. I hope also that meeting people will enhance my interactive and people skills. All in all I am expecting that this period of internship will be a big step forward for me in the direction of my ultimate goal. On my part I shall

African American and American Society Essay Example for Free

African American and American Society Essay African Americans No matter where or when a person lives, skin color, beliefs, class, or history he/she will see a difference in the way every ethnic group is treated. This world has never been fair for anyone. Life can treat a person with the greatest of care or it will treat a person as if he/she is lower than dirt. African Americans are no different. They have faced great hardships and triumphs throughout the years. Since they had been forced from their homeland they have been treated as if they had no rights or thoughts of their own. They were placed in the status of slaves even though they were human beings too. No matter if they were placed in the minority group by the dominate majority group of white Americans they remind structurally pluralism by keeping to their beliefs and traditions. Before and after slavery African Americans did not receive equal treatment. â€Å"Even when slavery ended, Jim Crow laws went into effect meaning that the very best of everything was reserved for white’s only-school, jobs, neighborhoods, hospitals, etc. † (Moore, 2008). In other words, the African Americans took the subordinate status to the dominant white Americans. Their race was used to dictate what rights they would be allowed to have in America. At one point, they did not have the right to be free and over the years they were given that right back. Even though they regained their right to be free, they still were not very free. They were only allowed to eat in certain places, drink from certain fountains, and ride in the back of the bus. This is not what would be called very free. They were not even given the opportunities to receive a quality education or to vote. â€Å"With the 1896 Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the separate by equal doctrine was upheld, and the system of segregation in the South was securely in place† (Merger, 2012, pg. 169). When it came to getting a quality education, they were placed at the bottom of the totem pole. The whites receive the best opportunities for receiving a quality education while the African Americans were not. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case that African Americans were allowed a better education. â€Å"Separate schools were inherently unequal and imposed an inferior status on black children, causing irreparable psychological change† (Merger, 2012, pg. 173). The rights as citizens were also being denied by not allowing them to vote and make a proper living to take care of theirfamilies. Years ago, African Americans were not allowed to vote, so they had no say in the laws that were made that would deny them their rights as American citizens or human beings. This kept them from changing the laws that kept them from achieving economically and politically. The Civil Right Movement began a new era for African American. It was their gain of the right to vote and be elected to office that gave the some power over their rights as human beings and citizen in the economic and political environment. Even after everything that the African Americans have gone through, they still face prejudice and discrimination in all areas of their lives. It is no wonder that for some it feels as if it is never over. No matter what a person looks like, how he/she talks, their beliefs, where he/she lives, how much money he/she has, or what race he/she may come from we all bleed red and where cut from the same cloth. We all deserve to have the opportunities and resources that are out there to help better ourselves. African Americans are human beings too and they have the same rights as everyone else.

The resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a wire Essay The results all proved to be so close together that it proves its not worth doing it for every measurement. Results 1 This table shows the results we took, with the length in centimetres running along the side, and the voltage along the top. The corresponding values in the table is the current, measured in Amps. I will now plot these results onto nine separate graphs and a final graph showing Length plotted against resistance. These results were taken in conjunction with Adam Cubbage. Each of us took part the taking of results. Final Results Length of Wire (cm) Resistance (? ) Analysing and drawing conclusions All these results and graphs show things about the relationship between Resistance and length of wire. The final graph shows an almost perfect straight line of results through the origin. This proves that resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire. If you look carefully on the graph you can see a slight change in pattern after the result for 50cm. This is due to the fact that results were taken over two lessons, the first 4 one day and the final 5 the next. The slight split could be due to a different set of equipment, slightly different components (different power supply etc. ) or even something as little as room temperature. If the results were taken over a single period of time I have no doubt there would be an absolutely straight line. The results also prove that doubling the length of wire, effectively doubles the resistance. For example if you look at the results for 20cm of wire (0. 8 and then the results for 40cm of wire (1. 6 you will see that the resistance for 40cm of wire is exactly double that of 20cm. All this evidence supports the prediction I made at the start, that the length of a piece of wire does indeed affect its resistance, and that there is a direct and proportional link between the two. Evaluation I think my results were fairly reliable and this was mostly thanks to the system of getting an average resistance from each length of wire, using a graph to average out the results. As I said before, there is a slight change in pattern after the result for 50cm. This is due to the fact that results were taken over two lessons, the first 4 one day and the final 5 the next. The slight split could be due to a different set of equipment, slightly different components (different power supply etc. ) or even something as little as room temperature. The equipment used over the two lessons may have differed slightly, e. g. the meters used to measure current and p. d. If the results were all taken in one go I have no doubt there would be an absolutely straight line. If you draw a line from the point of origin up to the fourth point you can see it is perfect, likewise if you draw a line from the fifth point on the graph to the ninth. I think this was a very suitable procedure and was certainly the most accurate way of performing this experiment. The only way I would improve it would be by taking all the results over a single period of time. This would avoid the split in the middle of the results. You could do another couple of different lengths but it wouldnt make much difference to the results. Just using the range that I have you can see all that you need to see to draw conclusions. I would like to try an identical experiment with a wire made of different material, just to see how different the results would be and then compare the two experiments. The real test for how accurate my results were is to calculate the Resistivity of my results and to compare it with the Resistivity that the wire should be. Resistivity is a property of a metal (whereas resistance is a property of a component). Resistivity does not depend on the dimensions of a component, only on the material from which it is made. We have done previous experiments to show that the resistance (R) of a conductor is directly proportional to its length (l) and is inversely proportional to its area (A). The diameter for the wire used was around 0. 8mm. To put this into a formula, where p is the Resistivity: R = pl A So: P (Resistivity) = AR l If we take the results for 80cm of wire we can work out the Resistivity of Constantan (the alloy wire we are using). In an A-level textbook I looked up the Resistivity of Constantan and discovered it should be 4. 9 x 10 -8 ? /m These two figures are fairly close and this indicates how accurate my experiments were.

Young People And Crime Criminology Essay

Young People And Crime Criminology Essay The application by criminologists of the ideas summarised in this chapter tends to manifest in the form of multifactorial explanations for youth crime. However, in doing this, criminologists generally refrain from presenting a hierarchy of causes. The result is that immediate causes are cited (such as unemployment, racism, labelling, poor schooling), and reformist measures are advocated (such as training schemes, alternative school), but rarely are substantial changes to the social structure as a whole demanded. For those who wish to see major social change occurring, the questions of power and social interests are of paramount importance. Where multiple factors are at the foreground of analysis, the tendency is to respond to the phenomenon of youth crime through emphasis on developing specific projects and programs, More radical perspectives view such proposals as very limiting, unless they are linked directly to a wider politics of social change.   Critically examine how well criminological theory links with policy responses to juvenile crime. Illustrate your answer by reference to theory, a juvenile justice issue and a policy response.    When young people commit crimes, it is rarely seen that people ask the question why did they do this? The tendency is to respond to these acts by training schemes or to send the youths to alternative schools. The phenomenon of youth crime is responded to through an emphasis on developing programs and projects. Rarely are substantial changes as a whole demanded of the social structure. The root causes should be tackled effectively while the hierarchy are simultaneously attended to causes along the way with due priorities. A juvenile justice issue that is of importance in youth crime at the moment is young men and violence. There are many policy responses to this issue as there are many different causes to the problem. By analysing the many different reasons as to why the young men become violent, substantial changes can be made slowly to the social structure. This essay will demonstrate how criminological theory links to policy responses for young men and violence. There are many theories and explanations put forward as to why juveniles offend and commit crimes. These range from perspectives that emphasise individual offender choice whether to offend, through to those that emphasise social factors such as poverty, limited employment opportunities, and school performance in shaping juvenile criminal acts (Cunneen, White. 2007). These theories vary considerably. The classical theory and the individual choice is based on the purpose of punishment within the law is to deter individuals from impinging upon and violating others rights and interests. As individuals we are seen to have equal capacity to reason, and so we are seen responsible for our own actions. Thus the classical criminal policy focuses primarily on the criminal act and suggests equal punishments for equal crime. The positivism theory is that behaviour is determined. Individual behaviour is shaped by factors such as physiology, personality, social upbringing and others. The focus is on the individuals, who are seen to require treatment since they are not necessarily responsible for their criminality. Positivists concentrate on the offender and the offenders characteristics. A sociological perspective argues that in order to understand that nature and occurrence of crime, we need to look at the structure of the society that moulds and shapes culture and behaviour. Individual action is thus attributable to social causes, and crime can be seen as a matter of social pathology. Acts of violence have terrible and costly results for everyone involved, including families, communities, and society. Violence is a major part of some peoples lives, especially young mens lives (Cameron, 2000). Violence in the family has been made visible over the last 3 decades, largely as a result of enquires into domestic violence and child abuse. According to an article printed by the Australian Institute of Criminology about young men and violence statistics found that 6.2% of Australian women experienced either physical or sexual violence by a male perpetrator. These statistics are also an indication of the extent of violence towards children in families. Violence is characteristic of many families, and it has implications for how young men grow up, violence is learnt. In 1990, the National Committee on Violence referred to families as the training ground for violence. The Womens Safety Survey also found that 38 per cent of women who experienced violence by a current partner, and 46 per cent of women who had experienced violence by a former partner, said their children had witnessed violence (Cameron, 2000). Experiences early in life must have some influence on young men who exhibit evidence of violence later in life. Young men between the ages of 20 and 24 experience the highest rate of assault compared with the rest of the population. Not all families or young men are violent. Certain risk factors indicate the likelihood of behaving aggressively or engaging in violence. These include, having a history of violent behaviour, being male, being a young adult, having experienced difficulties in childhood, including inadequate parenting, troubled relationships within the family, low levels of school achievement, having problems of psychotropic substance abuse, especially problematic alcohol use and having severe mental illness, the symptoms of which are not being identified or controlled. Violence in the family is no longer considered a private issue. Moreov er, it has implications for broader social policies. Some young men are involved in a culture of violence, well beyond issues concerning the family. In 1998, almost 60 per cent of recorded assaults occurred outside of residences. Alcohol plays a part in a significant number of these offences. Some young men enjoy a fight; a fight can result from a trivial incident. Fights can relate to illegal activities, such as drug dealing, that do not allow young men to resort to legitimate forms of conflict resolution. As a result, groups may develop for protection. As members become hardened, for example, by experience in jail, they may view the world as consisting of the strong and the weak, and as a place of conflict and struggle. They ritualistically convey their ruthlessness and act brutally. In some instances, groups or gangs have emerged around issues of ethnic solidarity. While groups or gangs may emerge as a result of illicit activities, this is not always the case. Young men may feel safe in groups, and when police see three or more young men together they may define them as a gang. Violence occurs at school. Although Australia is fortunate enough to have been spared the school yard shootings, less lethal forms of violence are not uncommon. Bullying may or may not be intended to hurt and may take the form of physical, non-physical, or non-verbal action undertaken by the bully or by someone co-opted to do so. Bullying is hurtful and may have health consequences. Thus juvenile crime takes several forms and shapes. There are several policy responses available to deal with juvenile crime. Many young men need advice and direction on how to behave towards women and their peers, and they want to talk to you about it. An article discussing young men and violence identified many strategies that they believed would be effective and promising for policy development towards young men (Cameron, 2000). This article identified six prevention strategies. The first prevention strategy being related to parenting, education and support. Families were characterised as a location of conflict for many young men. They reported that early in their lives parents argued and violence occurred in the family. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are often not available to support parents with child rearing. Also, pre-school programs, including parenting interventions, have reduced some childrens anti-social behaviour and delinquency. A number of programs have been implemented in Australia based on these principles. The second is focusing on interventions during childhood and adolescents. Research suggests that the greatest likelihood of success results from programs implemented with children before they reach adolescence. Further, programs should target multiple risk factors, including those at the level of the community, the family, the school, and the individual/ peer, which contribute to youth violence. Interventions at this age can also reduce school-yard bullying. This is an encouraging area of research, as school-based programs that address antisocial behaviour and delinquency generally have found that parenting training and skills based training with children can be effective. Drug use amongst young men was a major issue and a cause for violence. People got involved in drug use due to peer pressure and the requirement to fit in, and youth start it without knowing the harm that would result from regular use. Intervention programs in the area of drugs are most effective when undertaken in the family setting. Young peoples involvement in drug and alcohol use usually results from peer influences. Alcohol plays a significant part in violence that occurs in and around hotels. Success has been demonstrated and repeated in a significant Australian study that aimed to reduce the level of violence related to alcohol in and around licensed premises. By reducing, promotional activities which had brought about binge drinking and high levels of drunkenness resulted in reduced levels of violence. Many youth have generally poor relationships with the police. Police need to develop an understanding of the youth culture and take young people seriously. Police also need to be more understanding and open minded on youth issues, which would lead to mutual respect. Fairness should be a part of encounters with police and in criminal justice procedures. The benefit of legitimate policing can be seen in the area of domestic violence where it has limited the amount of repeat offending. The process of policing may have implications for how people see themselves in the broader society, and may result in compliance if they are considered to share values. The most common reason that violence does occur amongst youths is anger issues. Violence counselling or anger management services can also assist young men to break the cycle of violence. A number of Australian anger management programs are in place to assist young men, although the successes of these are unclear. This area of intervention is in early stages of development where considerable attention is being devoted to program development. Counselling and mentoring programs have shown promising rewards. Multi-systemic therapy programs individually tailored for the particular needs of young offenders, which include family, peer, school, and community interventions, have been demonstrated to reduce the level of reoffending. There also appears to be an effect on reducing violence, as there was also a reduction in the frequency of hitting someone. When violence occurs in the family or when the young men felt explosive and possibly violent and a danger to others, they said they did not have anywhere to turn. The sixth violence prevention strategy is creating recreational and sporting areas for youth to go to if when they have nowhere else to turn to. Recreation and sport are legitimate ways to expend energy. Young men would benefit from accessing to sporting and recreational facilities, such as skating parks and bicycle tracks. The success of the introduction of recreational activities as a means of stopping violence has not been assessed. The above policy responses are appropriate intervention strategies to help prevent young men from associating with violence. These policy responses are linked to one or more of the criminological theories in the juvenile justice system. The main criminological theories that are linked to these policy responses are the classical theory and individual choice; the positivism and individual criminal behaviour; and the sociological theories. While more than one of the response outlined are necessary in most instances, the policy response of parenting, education and support is one of better ones because it addressed the hierarchy of causes. A main reason that youths associate with violence is because they have not had a good upbringing in their homes. They have not had a pleasant and peaceful environment at home were family values and social norms are introduced and nurtured. Instead they grew up in a family which more than discouraged encouraged violence. Despite the fact that this policy response shows that it is difficult to introduce a program which demonstrates effectiveness in improving behaviour of adults, it in many ways assists young men in improving their own behaviour. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are often not available to support parents (Cameron, 2000). This intervention has multiple factors and responded through specific projects and programs. However it did not identify and arrange the hierarchy of cause and responded to with a social structural change. Such structural change would include the families changing their behaviour, anger management and improving the relations with police, both sides taking responsibility and respecting each others rights and obligations. This should help eliminate all known factors of youth offending activates. The policy responses of the juvenile justice issue of young men and violence are closely linked to the criminological theories. However they are not addressing collectively the hierarchy of causes of violence of young men they are not linked to the wider politics of social change. REFERNCES: Cameron, M. (June 2000). Young men and Violence Prevention. Australian Institute of Criminolgy. No. 154. Chris, C White, R. Juvenile justice, youth and crime in Austrlalia. Third Edition.

Odysseus Relationship with Telemachus in Homers Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Odysseus' Relationship with Telemachus in Homer's Odyssey Throughout the last books of The Odyssey Homer tells us how Odysseus restores his relationships with his friends and relatives at Ithaca. Perhaps one of the most revealing of these restoration episodes is Odysseus' re-encounter with his son, Telemachus. This re-encounter serves three main purposes. First, it serves to portray Telemachus' likeness to his father in the virtues of prudence, humility, patience, and planning. Secondly, it is Odysseus' chance to teach his son to be as great a ruler as Odysseus himself is. Lastly, Homer uses this re-encounter to emphasize the importance of a family structure to a society. To be able to understand the impact that this meeting had on Odysseus it is necessary to see that Telemachus has grown since his first appearances in the poem and obviously since his last contact with his father; Odysseus left Telemachus as an infant now their relationship is a man to man relationship rather than a man to child relationship. Of the many proofs of Telemachus' maturation three are sufficient to render an accurate account of what virtues he gained. The gained virtues shown are courage, wisdom, and prudence. Courage is shown when Telemachus decides to go around Nestor's house rather than passing through it, for Telemachus goes out to sea knowing that an ambush awaits him. This wisdom is manifested in his knowledge that if he stops Nestor's hospitality will delay him even more. And prudence is shown in Telemachus' ability to control his desires for comfort in Nestor's house and his decision to endure hardship at sea. Next Telemachus' confidence and hospitality are shown when he takes in Theochlamenos the seer. In the beginning of the poem Telemachus is not confident enough in his ability to provide hospitality to Athena disguised as Mentor, but now Telemachus is happy to provide the seer with refuge. Another proof of Telemachus' virtues is his confidence in ordering his mother and her maids to com ply with his will; their obedience shows us that he is worthy of respect. Thus Telemachus possesses the virtues necessary to be a ruler: courage, wisdom, prudence, confidence, and hospitality. Now we come to the re-encounter of father and son.

Free King Lear Essays: The Evil Man in a Good World :: King Lear essays

King Lear: Evil Man in a Good World In the King Lear play, Shakespeare creates many conditions in which humans live in the world. The main characters in the play are used to portray Shakespeare's ideas. One of these ideas, which Shakespeare is trying to portray, is evil between the characters and in the world, which are emphasized throughout the play. The evil, created by humans, is outweighed by good in the world of King Lear. Evil was created by humans who decided to do wrong to others. Duke of Albany, said that all evil people will be justly punished (ACT V, iii, 303). Albany indicated that it is the people who caused evil and people decided to do evil, not gods. Lear believes that since Edgar is out on the heath he must have given everything to his daughters as well (ACT III, iv, 62ff). Since he believes that Edgar gave everything to evil Lear must believe that people are the cause of evil. It was Lear's daughters who decided to do wrong to Lear and it was Lear's fault in giving away all of his land. His daughters are the humans in the play, it is the humans who caused the evil and Lear believes that humans were the ones who created evil. Edgar, is another character in the play who believes that evil is caused by humans and not the gods. Edgar said, "The gods are just, and of our peasant vices make instruments to plague us" (ACT V, iii, 169). Edgar clearly says that the gods are right and it is t he people who are responsible for promoting evil in the world. It is us who make the instruments necessary for evil to spread and plague the world. In the world of King Lear many characters believe evil was caused by the people and not by the gods. Even though Humans created evil, good will always exist. After King Lear was captured he showed that even if evil exists, good will always be present. Lear speaks about love with Cordelia in the prison cell and how they will still have each other despite of the evil around them (ACT V, iii, 8). On another occasion Lear also says that despite all the evil in the world the raw nature, which is good, is still unharmed (ACT IV, IV, 90-92).

The Success of The Woman in Black as a Ghost Story Essay -- The Woman

The Success of The Woman in Black as a Ghost Story Susan Hill believes that the ghost depends on 'atmosphere' and 'a sense of place'. However, a believable storyline and characters does help bring out the atmosphere and place. 'The Woman in Black' is about a man, Arthur Kipps. He is the narrator throughout the novel. Arthur Kipps tells his most haunting revelation that had happened to him, and how by writing his story as a novel, it was hoping to help exorcise the ghost that still haunts him. He tells the story of when he was a junior solicitor and, how he was ordered by his firm's partner to travel up from London to attend a funeral and then sort out the papers of the dead woman. While in Crythin Gifford he glimpses a young woman with a wasted face, dressed all in black. He sees her at the back of the church during Mrs Drablow's funeral, and again later in the graveyard to one side of Eel Marsh House. He is the only one that appears to see her. However, soon the lady in black slowly reveals herself to him, as is her purpose. The first passage is extracted from the chapter 'Across the Causeway'. The first sighting that Arthur Kipps has with the woman in black is in the churchyard after Mrs Drablow's funeral. Susan Hill picks the right place to have Arthur Kipps' first sighting of the woman in black. She has the setting in a churchyard. When the reader comes across 'churchyard' you get the image of fear and decay. Using this Susan Hill goes into describing the churchyard in detail 'Ahead, where the wall ended in a heap of dust and rubble, lay the grey water of the estuary'. Susan Hill makes the image very precise. She also uses distinct contrast, 'across the tall grasses, and wild flowers of white and ... ...' the question Arthur is asking himself 'why is it rocking?' He is asking himself as well as the reader. 'someone has just got out of it' However Arthur is the only one in the house. There is a sense of unease as the windows are all closed so no one can get out. Susan Hill makes the readers ask themselves questions why? Who could it be? She keeps the reader in suspense. Susan Hill Believes that a good ghost story depends on the 'atmosphere' and 'a sense of place'. There are many points which a good ghost story should have unfamiliarity, a mystery, description and much more. However I personally believe that without a believable characters and storyline there is no basis of having atmosphere or a sense of place. So overall, yes a ghost story does depend on 'atmosphere' and 'a sense of place' but it must contain a believable story line with characters.

Managed Care Essay

As recently as 1960, before the onset of managed mental health care, the roles of psychiatrists, psychologists, and clinical social workers tended to be distinct. Psychiatrists had the overall responsibility of patient care, conducted psychotherapy, prescribed medication, and supervised hospital care. Clinical psychologists conducted testing and provided group therapy and other therapeutic modalities in institutions and hospitals. Clinical social workers performed comprehensive psychosocial assessments, counseled regarding family issues, and created discharge plans for patients in social services agencies. At that time, the mental health field was far from overcrowded. With psychiatrists’ shift in emphasis, clinical social workers and clinical psychologists assumed more responsibility in mental health treatment, and psychotherapy, in particular. The proliferation of managed care companies during the 1980s furthered the increased involvement of clinical social workers and clinical psychologists. Because of improved training and the less-expensive nature of their services, clinical social workers and clinical psychologists were more involved in providing psychotherapy to patients suffering from mental illness. (Committee on Therapy, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 1992). Conflict in Roles According to Gibelman & Schervish managed health care companies have continued this trend of expanding the roles and responsibilities of nonmedical providers–primarily clinical social workers and clinical psychologists–while narrowing the scope of psychiatric practice. Managed health care companies see clinical social workers in particular as an economical, substitutable source of labor for both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in the treatment of patients suffering from mental illness. Presently, clinical social workers provide a wide array of services to clients with mental illness in a variety of settings and at all functional levels of practice. Clinical social workers practice in institutions, hospitals, school systems, clinics, correctional facilities, and private practices. They function in positions of direct service, supervision, management, policy development, research, community organization, and education and training. Clinical social workers frequen tly perform assessments and arrange and develop services. In these roles they serve as gatekeepers and treatment providers. For some time, clinical social  workers have performed the largest portion of psychotherapeutic work done in the United States. Clinical social workers provide as much as 65 percent of all psychotherapy and mental health services (1997). Payers have begun to ask, â€Å"What type of therapist is the most cost-effective?† and â€Å"What is the advantage of paying one profession higher fees than another for rendering the same service?† when an objective review of empirical studies shows that there is no absolute proof that one profession can perform psychotherapy better than another. Such research leads managed care companies to conclude that many of the cheaper sources of labor in the mental health field, such as clinical social workers, are as effective in administering treatment to patients suffering from mental illness as other more-expensive practitioners (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997) Individual verse Group Practice With managed care’s influence, outpatient treatment, and private practice, in particular, has become a viable and increasingly important role for clinical social workers. Although mental health clinics and other institutions provide the greatest opportunity for clinical social workers, a growing number are now carrying out services in a primary setting of solo or group private practice (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). In 1995, 19.7 percent of NASW members cited private solo and group as their primary practice, and 45.5 percent as their secondary practice setting (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997). Findings indicate that the proportion of clinical social workers entering and practicing as private practitioners continues to grow (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). The future treatment of patients in solo private practice may be in jeopardy, as managed care companies force clinical social workers and other mental health care providers to join group practices. In group practices, clinical social workers, in combination with other mental health practitioners, provide individual and group therapy, family interventions, and a variety of other services, all through one office (Shera, 1996). These groups provide â€Å"one-stop shopping,† as well as greater access to less-expensive professionals, such as master’s-level clinical social workers. Managed care companies find that group practices are more efficient and cost-effective in the management of a population of patients (Johnson, 1995). As managed care companies continue to reduce reimbursement dollars, changes in multidisciplinary team structures are inevitable, with even more  reliance on master’s-level service providers. Practitioner distinctions already have begun to diminish in favor of more team-oriented models, with the boundaries between the uniqueness of the individual disciplines beginning to blur (Eubanks, Goldberg, & Fox, 1996). Psychiatrists often head the team, coordinating services in conjunction with psychotherapists and other mental health care providers on the treatment team. However, it is not unusual for a clinical psychologist or even a clinical social worker to lead the team, with the psychiatrist relegated to the role of psychopharmacology consultant rather than an active team member (Brooks & Riley, 1996). Treatment In addition to changing the role of mental health practitioners and the structure of treatment teams, managed care has forced the clinical social work profession and the mental health field in general, to examine how its members provide care. Managed care companies are exploring new ways they can provide the most effective services to more people under increasing resource constraints (Shera, 1996). The transition from fee-for-service to managed mental health care services has created an entirely new culture for mental health care providers and consumers (Geller, 1996). Practitioners must accommodate their treatment to the preferences of managed care. Otherwise, they risk a decrease in referrals, which could ultimately lead to loss of status and income. Managed health care companies have exerted influence on the ways that mental health practitioners conceptualize their practice, forcing treaters to modify therapeutic interventions and practice protocols significantly (Shera, 1996). Brief therapy now appears to be the preferred mode of intervention (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). Long-term psychotherapy has been virtually eliminated for all but private-pay patients. Managed care companies find that studies of short- and long-term therapy suggest that brief approaches are as good as or better than long-term treatment, except in special cases (Lazarus, 1996). The majority of interventions distinguishing themselves in comparative outcome studies are based on behavioral or cognitive-behavioral theories. These treatments tend to be goal- and present-oriented, behaviorally specific, symptom-directive, advice giving, educational, collaborative, and aimed toward the resolution or amelioration of symptoms in relatively brief periods (Johnson, 1995). The  shift in preference to brief modes of therapy by managed care organizations has changed expectations for therapists. Theoretical orientation of practitioners has become of great interest as managed care companies look fo r practitioners who use brief treatment methods (Giles, 1993). The practitioners most significantly affected by managed care’s shift in preferred mode of treatment have been those who provide the extensive and intensive treatments of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, predominantly clinical psychologists. Their emphasis on Freudian psychotherapies, which generally have a very long duration of outpatient care and discouraging results in the outcome literature, have been, criticized heavily (Giles, 1993). Emerging models of psychotherapy endorsed by managed care organizations assume that the psychotherapeutic process occurs in pieces over time. In these models, psychotherapy functions as an active working relationship between the patient and the therapist, whereby the goal is defined as change rather than cure. Managed care companies’ focus on resolving patients’ acute symptoms, rather than ridding them of their mental health conditions, has led to the gradual disappearance of the use of the psychodynamic model as the dominant framework in the treatment of individuals suffering from mental illness (Edwards, 1997). Recently, group treatments have received attention as a cost-effective means of treatment (Iglehart, 1994). A group format allows a number of patients struggling with similar life issues to come together and benefit by interacting with one another and a therapist, the group leader (Shapiro, 1995). Managed care companies support group designs, relying on numerous studies that demonstrate the efficacy of short-term therapeutic groups using behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Managed care organizations find group treatment inexpensive relative to other treatment methods, because one practitioner can treat many clients at once, significantly reducing billable hours of treatment incurred. The potential of group treatment to alleviate the psychological problems of large numbers of people at relatively low cost makes group therapy an attractive option for managed care companies (). Despite the utility gains, however, managed care companies do not rely on group treatments as wide ly as might be expected, primarily because of patients’ resistance to group treatment. Some patients find the idea of group treatment difficult to accept because they have a hard time  understanding how they will benefit. Many patients prefer individual treatment sessions, where they have the therapist’s undivided attention. These patients may be embarrassed about their problems and reject the notion of others besides their therapist providing input. The logistics of setting up short-term groups, along with current therapist practice patterns, present additional impediments to managed care’s use of group therapy (Crespi, 1997). Nevertheless, the immediate cost-effectiveness of groups, coupled with documented positive outcomes, has made the modality particularly appealing in mental health delivery systems and provides a compelling argument for their use (Crespi,1997). Projection Managed health care organizations have influenced the delivery of services in the mental health field considerably and will undoubtedly continue to do so (Eubanks et al., 1996). Whether the developments instituted by managed care companies are greeted with pleasure, indifference, or hostility, general agreement exists that the treatment of patients suffering from mental illness will be irrevocably changed as managed care continues to alter drastically the delivery, definition, and outcome of treatment that patients receive. In the future, indicators (Iglehart, 1994) suggest that nonpsychiatric practitioners will emerge as the dominant providers of treatment. According to Giles (1993), managed care companies will expect nonmedical practitioners, such as clinical social workers to provide the bulk of outpatient care in the mental health care field. Clinical social workers are cost-effective, fully qualified providers of mental health care services in the eyes of managed care companies. Distinctions between master’s-level and doctoral-level providers will become more evident as master’s-level practitioners assume primary responsibility for direct mental health services, and doctoral-level providers assume more administrative, supervisory, and research-oriented roles (Crespi, 1997). The rapid increase in managed care’s influence, accompanied by the reduction of referrals to more-expensive specialists, suggests that demand for clinical psychologists will continue to diminish (Johnson, 1997). As managed health care organizations restrict consumer choice of providers, many mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, may have difficulty joining reimbursement plans (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997). Despite the shift away  from doctoral-level providers and the narrowing role of the medical practitioner in the treatment regime of managed care companies, psychiatrists will likely have an essential and continuing role in the mental health care system. According to Giles (1993), managed mental health care still needs medical practitioners for their knowledge of psychopharmacology and experience in prescribing medications. Scientific literature has demonstrated that psychotropic medications are an effective and essential treatment component for most psychiatric illnesses, and psychiatrists, being physicians, are currently the only ones who can prescribe these drugs with the knowledge to do so effectively. Another likely development with the influence of managed health care is the rarity of the solo practitioner (Crespi, 1997). Individual practitioners and small group practices will likely remain, but will probably represent a much smaller proportion of psychotherapists (Committee o n Therapy, 1992). With commentators predicting a demise in solo private practice, practitioners will either have to affiliate with managed mental health care groups or forego clients with insurance in favor of those able to afford private payment (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). The psychotherapist who decides to operate outside of the managed care system faces not only a degree of professional isolation, but also limitations in referrals and remuneration (Committee on Therapy). The managed care initiatives sweeping the nation have profoundly affected the ways that clinical social workers and other mental health practitioners deliver services to people suffering from mental illness (Shera, 1996). As these changes continue, clinicians working in a managed care environment will more often practice time-limited psychotherapeutic interventions and, in all but the rarest cases, the practice of unregimented intensive psychotherapy and psychoanalysis will take place outside of the confines of the managed care a rena. For the majority of mental health care consumers, therapeutic work will focus on precipitating stressors and acute exacerbation that may be treated within the reimbursable framework (Committee on Therapy, 1992; Crespi, 1997). Finally, with managed care’s increasing influence, use of outcome measurement and management will continue. Quantifiable data will play a larger role in treatment decisions. Funding sources of mental health care services will increasingly seek quantitative methods to measure the quality  and efficiency of different interventions to guide their purchasing decisions (Johnson, 1997). As managed care companies look for hard data to determine the most effective professionals and treatments, mental health care providers will have to quantitatively demonstrate effectiveness of interventions and treatment through evidence of patient improvement (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). Thus, the ability to implement and participate in outcomes measurement processes is vita l for any practitioner who wishes to operate in the managed care environment. Conclusion Despite widespread criticism and various efforts at reform, managed care companies continue to expand. Clinical social workers currently involved in the mental health field, as well as incoming social work students interested in mental health, must take heed of the rapid developments in the field. Although the changes resulting from the influence of managed care present many challenges, they also create many opportunities for mental health care providers, and for clinical social workers in particular. To take advantage of these opportunities, clinical social workers, and the institutions educating them, must be prepared (Geller, 1996). Many clinicians currently practicing, as well as current and incoming graduate students, lack information on the breadth of these developments (Crespi, 1997). Clinical social workers must actively seek out continuing education courses, conferences, and journal articles discussing developments in the field related to managed mental health care to be better informed. In addition, schools of social work must update their curricula for incoming students to reflect the realities of changes in managed care. Graduate schools must educate future social workers regarding developments, providing students with the information and skills necessary to survive in this evolving culture (Shera, 1996). Many social work programs are discovering that traditional curricula are no longer adequate to prepare students for practice in the era of managed care. Managed care’s emphasis on the provision of mental health services at contained costs requires specialized practice skills, particularly rapid assessment, brief treatment, and the ability to document treatment outcomes. Social work educators must incorporate these elements into their programs. As managed care continues to expand and evolve, social work educators need to continue to evaluate its  effect on the training of current and potential clinical social workers. Educators in the field, along with graduate school instructors and administrators, must make the necessary changes to provide clinical social workers with the ability to adapt to the changing environment. Collaboration with managed care is necessary for professional survival (Eubanks et al., 1996). Clinical social workers have an enormous role in the treatment of people suffering from mental illness and have a real opportunity to play a major role in managed mental health care (Shera, 1996). Clinical social workers must rise to the challenge.

Comparison Between the Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice and Hamlet Essay

In Elizabethan and Jacobean society, great deal depended on surprises in highly agency entertainment. The playhouses hosted popular theatre performances with let on play-sets or props. distant todays modern theatre, the unsubdivided stage allowed for swift, fluid impression and a concentration on dustup. The Jacobean stage would get to bought the glosss of spoken talking to to life. For shell, A vice figure deal Iago would use exaggerated dustup and gestures to underline his strong feeling of antagonism towards Othello. give carewise, a melancholic crossroads would experiment with speech in an all overstated manner (to convey his conflicted state of mind).The Tragedy of Othello, the moor of Venice ( telephone number I, burst I) and hamlet (Act III, Scene IIII) directs the plays to in that location harmful endings. However, the language portrays the relationship surrounded by characters in different ways. In Othello, Iago exploits the power of language to ensu re his family and friends and make them puppets for his r compensatege plan. In juncture, the relationship is in addition one without trust, nevertheless it is presented in a quietly unimportant way. The protagonist feels his private life macrocosm usurped by spies Claudio and Polonius.Act I, Scene I of Othello is striking for todays auditory modality, and the modern-day listening of the time, since it is abounded in coarse animalistic imagery. Iago uses crude language as a lavatoryt overy approach. He understands that Brabanzio embodies a Europocentric view, so he speaks in offensive activity terms in order to mold Brabanzio to believe his quarrel. Derogatory references such as old threatening ram, coursers for cousins and jennets frivol away to task a strong palpate of abominate and prejudice. Metaphorical expressions wish hygienic coursers and jennets completely endow d feature Othello.They ar overly a varan of the social context, since Othello would h and over been played by a clean-living actor in the Jacobean period. Iagos language is difficult on the colour of Othellos strip he describes him as a inexorable ram that will breed a generation of horses because of his erosive skin colour and Afri passel heritage. The Jacobean audience would pee-pee understood how Iagos poisonous slanders argon targeted towards the Moor, (because of racial varietys). Therefore the audience may accommodate shared a similar view on black Africans in Jacobean society. Iago expresses the stark contrasts between the colours black and smock.In Shakespeares day, blackness was primarily associated with witchery and voodoo spot a white ewe would be representative of goodness and purity. quite an ironically Iago embodies these racial stereotypes he does not refer to Othello by his name that as the Moor. This elicits how Iago exploits Brabanzios fatherly love and vulner readiness. He is aware that Brabanzio finds it repulsive that his daughter can be snatched off in the hands of the Moor. Consequently, he abuses the use of animal imagery and the stuffy colours (black and white) to assume a desirable rejoinder. equivalent tycoon Gertrude who passionately cries thou hast cleft my join in twain Brabanzio is also locomote by Iagos lethal voice communication. unchewable images such as tupping your white ewe are highly sexual they in that respectfore learn the capacity to cause an explosive reaction. Brabanzio panics frantically, This misadventure is not un handle my dream thought of it oppresses me already. The other characters reactions are suggestive of the inevitable destruction that follows as a result of small t receive and Iagos ability to influence their rivals through speech. hamlets potent words are worry daggers, thus they are likely to pundit a reaction.However, he uses a persuasive approach that is different to Iagos. In compare to Iagos spontaneous dialogue, settlements language is more meani ngful because it carries the weight of truth. He does not talk figuratively, merely if uses simple and indisputable facts A liquidator and a villain That from a shelf the precious diadem stole and put it in his pocket. This approach is more likely to disturb the audience because it is amply of junctures fanatical truth. The opponent of the play (Claudius) is described as A murderer and a villain who usurped the Kings order and put it in his pocket. contradictory Iagos vulgar language (that is only useful in influencing Roderigo) small towns use of imagery is effective in persuading the audience, himself, and Queen Gertrude that his rage and revenge is in reality permissible. This is because Hamlets revenge is bound with the facts of reality and not with tr to each oneerous lies. However, Iagos language is also effective in de supportateing how his storm for revenge lacks true motive. Hamlet is an thought-provoking character, yet he feels his fathers cruel murder morall y validates him to suck in revenge.Iago on the other hand, seizes the opportunity to part his story of why he hates the Moor, but the audience find that there is no legitimate reason for him to biz against Othello. He bitterly argues that he deserves the jell as lieutenant I am worth no worse a place. Iago also wishes to settle pull ahead with Othello wife for wife, because he imagines Othello to fool had a sexual relationship with Emilia. This makes it evident to the audience how Iagos extreme jealousy and bitterness compels him to poison the ears of everyone with lies.However, In Hamlet the audience feel the strong sense of betrayal and deceit, thus they sympathise with Hamlets plight because he (unlike Iago) is a genuine victim. Every time Hamlet answers his mother he clearly manifests the reasons for his curse Here is your husband blasting his hearty brother. His words are like a passionate outcry, they desperately demonstrate to convey his true intentions. On a Jacob ean stage Hamlet perchance erratically gesturing Here is your husband to show a sense of connectedness to his fathers cobblers last and his revenge.Hamlet is perceived as be mad, yet his words embody more philosophical meaning, truth and depth because Iagos. The image he pee-pees through his language indicates that his intentions are purposeful. For example, unlike Iagos pointless animalistic language, Hamlets words tell a story you have my father very much offended. The face-to-face pronoun my emphasises how he is trying to justify his kindle and suggest that his acts and thoughts are occurring in response to the offence Gertrude and Claudius have caused. Similar to Iagos fierce language, Hamlets words are also charged with risky energy.He vehemently questions his mother ingest you eyes? have you eyes? The recoil of the words Have you eyes emphasizes a sense of deep contemplation and suggests how Hamlet is do a moral statement. Iago and Hamlet express their drive for revenge in passionate terms. Hamlet compels his mother to take hold of how her marriage with Claudius is immoral, where is thy blush? This instigates the question of how a madmans words can be deeply introspective. Hamlet is presented as an enigmatic chameleon because of the complex ambiguities in his language.However, this contrasts to how defiant he sounds when he fearlessly answers his mother in this diorama Gertrude asks what have I done and Hamlet flat out replies Such an act that calls virtue fraud II. 39-41. This evokes his sense of bitter resentment for organism betrayed by his family. Similarly, Iago appears to be sharply responsive. The difference lies where Hamlet communicates the truth directly to his enemies, while Iago shrewdly conceals his true self. Iago shoots insults at Othello (such as Barbary horse) so that he is reduce to the savageness of an animal.A 16th snow audience would have been animated and much more receptive towards such insults accordingly the y were more likely to have responded to Iagos crude puns. For example, the word Barbary is associated with barbarism and the uncultivated speed of a North African horse. (This can have sexual implications, indicating that the white ewe and the old black ram have eloped together, where they are said to be making the beast with two backs. Language also plays a vital part in demonstrating the relationship between characters in Othello and Hamlet. contradictory Hamlet who is acting alone, Iagos manipulative reputation makes everyone partake in his avoidance for revenge. His poisonous slanders seep in to the minds of his puppets, so that they feel bound to rely on his fabricated stories and the visual evidence that he presents. Iago understands that Roderigo depends on his support to win over Desdemona, he is also conscious of how Othellos marriage with Desdemona will ignite Roderigos desire for revenge. He elaborately tells his record of why he hates the Moor in order to strategical ly plant even more hatred in Roderigos mind.Iago acts sympathetic towards his plight Why, theres no remedy. Tis the curse of service. Like Hamlets sharp free tongue, Iagos words are a destructive force responsible for his own downfall. Language such as Why, theres no remedy gives the illusion that his thoughts are pre-mediated in order to create a desired effect. He wishes to manipulate Roderigo by stringing him along with his shrewd words. Consequently, the audience see that Roderigo is easily moved I rather would have been his hangman. His tone of vowelize foreshadows the turmoil that will unfold in the play because he is poisoned by Iagos words.Furthermore, Iago exploits the art of language to manipulate throng and intrude upon their lives. He convinces Brabanzio that his daughter has in fact eloped with his worse fear, a black African. Iagos astute nature bureau that he is aware of how to plot against Othello. Roderigo and Iago racially abuse him, calling him thick lips. H owever, Iagos intrusive behaviour towards Othello contrasts with the spying and control scene in Hamlet. This is because Iago playfully experiments with words in order to cause hostility.Whereas in Hamlet, the lack of trust means that the antagonists entrench upon Hamlets life in a uncommunicative manner. This scene is a vivid example of how the characters are constantly observing each other, like a predator watch its prey. When Hamlet wanders in to his mothers private chamber, the first thing he would expect is to be alone with her. However, the stage direction reveals how POLONIUS hides behind the tapestry. Like Iagos destructive invasiveness, this act of trespass instantly provokes fear. This is because the audience would be well aware of Hamlets inconsistent thoughts and erratic behaviour.Hamlets relationship between characters can also be seen to resemble the nature of Iago. This is because Hamlet becomes a product of his own corrupt society when he acts out of impulse his revenge loses all of its meaning. Hamlet is no longer a betrayed and sole(a) man (who the audience sympathised with) but a vice figure and a destructive force comparable to Iago. The stage directions suggest that when Hamlet thrusts his sword through the arras and kills Polonius he truly displays elements of insaneness. He acts instantaneously, discarding the inquire to first check who is behind the arras.Thus, after(prenominal) cleaning Polonius Hamlet displays no sign of emotion or disbelief. Hamlets act mimics the self-centred nature of Iago (as he has no excited attachment with other characters). In Hamlet and Othello, there is a major radical of deceit and betrayal that invades the plays scenes. Hamlet and Iagos language reveals a lot more or less the social context and the motive madcap their passion for revenge. By the end of the scene Hamlet is left completely free from his society, he does not feel be given to show any sign of baronial love for his family.His l ack of trust impels him to act erratically by blindly killing Polonius. In a similar way, Act I, Scene I of Othello begins with Roderigo questioning Iago whether he truly hates the Moor I take it much unkindly Iago who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine, shouldst know this. This invokes the general subject area of deceit in the scene, and establishes how Iago is duplicitous like Hamlet. The same way Hamlet conceals his sanity from the world, Iago exploits the power of language to disguise himself in order to continue controlling his victims.

Journal Article Review Homeless Veterans Essay

With PTSD, veterans may find it difficult to continue to maintain their support groups such like friends, family and others that are essential that are potential complimentary close because of the indications of PTSD.Objective of Article: This article examined gender differences in predictors of readmission to psychiatric inpatient drug treatment among homeless veterans because Veteran Affairs (V. A. ) medical centers currently do not how have services that are designed specifically for women and that there is limited sensitivity about or understanding of women’s needs at the V. A.Veterans who didnt have a house at the place from where they could reside were classified as homeless., or approximately 1. 4 million of a total of 25. 5 million veterans. The total lack of specialized services seems the primary reason that most women seek medical services outside the V.

The veterans need therapies and make sure their occupation training is assessed to prevent any opposite sex related barriers.for women in drug treatment (p. 60). Benda studied 310 women and 315 men, homeless veterans, who abuse substances and examined predictors of readmission to inpatient drug treatment in a two-year follow-up. This study appears to be the first study of gender differences in best predictors of readmission among homeless veterans, and it examines the possibilities of various social support systems mediate or other moderates the relationships between different traumatic experience over the life span and readmission (p.Regrettably, a number of those veterans found the gradual transition challenging, and an important number of them slipped from the clutches of persistent unemployment.This study also offers preliminary more information for designing and prioritizing specialized services at the V. A (p. 63). Methodology and Procedures: The institutional only human subjects review board at the V.

Models like home first require.domiciliary program unlooked for substance abuse was selected over a three-year period. Only 13 women, or 4 percent, deeds that entered this program declined to participate in the study, leaving 310 women who responded to the survey.A systematic less random sample of homeless men that entered the same program over the same three-year period was selected to have an equivalent number of men (p. 64).Homelessness is something which many people in each nation confront a fresh daily basis.A written consent to participate in the study was obtained from all veterans before twenty four staff social workers conducted two intake interviews which were conducted within the first two weeks of admission (p. 66). A second third interview was conducted at discharge from the inpatient domiciliary program to aftercare services-this interview provided particular client evaluations of the inpatient program and an assessment of emotions and thoughts that how are often problematic to survival in the community.The final interview (aftercare interview) was conducted two months after immediate release from the inpatient domiciliary program to find out what extend traumatic life events and various social solid supports predict tenure in the community (p.

Its very common.Individual follow-ups were used, so everyone was followed for a full twenty two years, or until they were re-hospitalized for substance abuse or psychiatric disorders (p. 68). Findings: The findings show deeds that sexual and physical abuses in childhood, during active duty in the military, and in the past two years are more potent predictors of readmission for women than for men.Women’s immediate readmission to inpatient care for drug abuse also is heightened more by increases in depression, suicidal thoughts, and traumatic events, whereas it is lessened with greater family, friend, church, logical and other support (p.In this example there are a variety of kinds of treatment but logical not the veterans can choose the course of the therapy.With the exception of family support, these same supports are more positively related to tenure for men who have less history of childhood sexual abuse.Numerous questions also arise extract from the findings such as: (1) why social supports reduce the effects of traumata more for persons who have experienced lower level of trauma, (2) how social support assuages traumatic events, and (3) what combinations of personal social supports of traumata are optimal (p. 78). Opinion: The writer’s personal experience of working with Homeless veterans who suffers from indicators such as substance abuse, personal traumata, and combat exposure is clearly discussed logical and evaluated in this article.

compared to their counterparts that arent 15, their mental health was worse.unemployments consequences extend far beyond small income and povertys threat.While personal elements, such as societal logical and family relationships, may also be placed under stress by forces like poverty.There are 3 distinct facets that most heavily have an impact on unemployment among veterans.

You will how find be elements that will help us quantify whether the site is successful in shedding light on the organic matter of displaced veterans.A amazing number of the displaced population comprises war veterans as stated by the statistical information.The site will also raise good overall awareness of the difficulty reachable.In the long run, this site is for their advantage.